نویسنده
استادیار گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
چکیده
در مقاله حاضر تلاش می‌شود تا با تمرکز بر تحولات شماخی به عنوان یک کانون مطرح شهرنشینی در جنوب قفقاز، عوامل مؤثر بر فرسایش سیمای کالبدی و حیات اجتماعی آن در دوره‌ای متأخر بررسی شود. پرسش محوری پژوهش ناظر بر روند فرساینده‌ای است که در سده دوازدهم/هجدهم، کلیت حیات شهری در شماخی را از میان برد و این شهر مهم دوره صفوی را به ویرانه‌ای خالی از سکنه تبدیل کرد. به این منظور، نخست چشم‌اندازی از وضعیت شماخی و حیات شهری آن در دوره صفوی ترسیم شده و سپس، عوامل مؤثر بر نابودی این شهر و حیات اجتماعی آن از اواخر دوره صفوی تا آستانه تسلط روسیه بر قفقاز بررسی شده است. مبنای این بررسی اطلاعاتی است که از سفرنامه‌ها و گزارش‌های ناظران خارجی به زبان‌های مختلف گردآوری شده است. این اطلاعات با رویکرد تاریخ خُرد و به روش توصیفی تحلیلی در جهت پاسخ به پرسش محوری پژوهش پردازش شده است. نتیجه پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سرنوشت شماخی در دوره مورد بحث از عوامل مختلفی مانند بستر جغرافیایی و اقلیمی، موقعیت مرزی و ترکیب ناهمگون قومی و دینی تأثیر پذیرفته است. با وجود این، عامل محوری در این زمینه ضعف اقتدار سیاسی و تأثیر آن بر ناهمگونی قومی و فرهنگی شماخی در دوره پس از صفوی بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Abdullaev, G. V. (1965). Azerbaidzhan v xviii veke i vzaimootnesheniia ego c rossiei, Baku.
Altstadt, Audrey L. (1989). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule, Hoover Institution Press.
Amini Heravi, Sadr od-Din Ebrahim (1383 a.h.). Fotuhat-e Shahi (history of early Safavids to 930 a.h.), ed. M. R. Nasiri, Tehran: Anjoman-e Asasr va Mafakher-e Farhangi.
Arakel of Tabriz (2010). Book of History, Introduction and Annotated Translation from the Critical Text by George Bournoutian, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers;
Aranova, M. & Ashrafian K. (1356 a.h.), Dawlat-e Nader Shah-e Afshar, trans. [into persian], H. Amin, Tehran: Shabgir Publishers.
Astarabadi, Mirza Mehdi (1341 a.h.), Tarikh-e Jahangosha-ye Naderi, ed. 'A. Anwar, Tehran: Anjoman-e Asar va Mafakher-e Farhangi.
Atkin, Muriel, (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Bakikhanov, Abbas Quli Aqa (1383 a.h.). Golestan-e Eram, ed. A. Alizadeh et al, Tehran: Qoqnus Publishers.
Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya (1901). Fotuh al-Buldan, Cairo: Sherkat al-Tab' Kutob al-Arabiyah.
Barbaro & Contarini (1873). Travels to Tana and Persia: A narrative of Italian travels in Persia in the 15th and 16th centuries, London: Hakluyt society.
Bastani Rad, Hasan (1393 a.h.). Shahr dar Iran Zamin, Tehran: 'Elm Publishers.
Bosworth, Edmund C. (ed.) (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World, Leiden: Brill.
Bournoutian, George A. (translated & annotated) (2016). The 1820 Russian Survey of Khanate of Shirvan, A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia, London & New York: Gibb Memorial Trust;
Brosset, M. (1849). Histoire de la Georgie dupuis l’antiquite jusqu’au XIXe siècle, vol. I, S. Petersbourg: Imperimerie de l’Académie impérial de sciences.
Brown, Richard D. (2014). “Microhistory and the Post-Modern Challenge”, in H. Renders & B. de Hann, Theoretical Discussions of Biography, Approaches from History, Microhistory and Life Writing, Leiden: Brill, pp. 119-128.
Butkov, P. G., (1869). Materialy dlia novoi istorii Kavkaza s 1722 po 1803, 3 vols. St. Petersburg.
Cornelis le Brun, (1725). Voyage de Corneille Le Brun par la Moscovie, en Persia, et aux Indes Orientales, 6 parts. in 2 vols., Amsterdam.
D’hosson M. C. (ed.) (1828). Des peoples du Caucase, des pays au nord de la mer noire et de la mer caspienne, dans la dixieme siècle ou voyage d’Abou-el-Kassim, Paris.
Reza, Enayatollah (1386 a.h.). Aran az Dowran-e Bastan ta Ahgaz-e 'Ahd-e Moghul, Tehran: Markaz-e Asnad-e va Tarikh-e Diplomasi.
Evliya Ҫelebi, M. (1314 a.h.). Siyahatnâmesi, vol. 2, ed. A. Cevdat, Istanbul.
Gamba, Chevalier(1826). Voyages dans la Russie meridionelle et particulierement dans les provinces situees au-dela de Caucase faist depuies 1820 jusqu’en 1824, 2 tomes, Paris.
Ginzburg, Carlo, (2014). “Microhistory: Two or Three things that I know about it”, in Renders & de Hann, Theoretical Discussions of Biography, Approaches from History, Microhistory and Life Writing, pp. 139-168.
Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb (2007). Travels through northern Persia, 1770-1774, translated and annotated by Willem Floor, Mage Publishers.
Zarrini, H. (1395 a.h.). Risheha-ye Jodayi-e Qafghaz az Iran, Tehran: Pazhuheshkade-ye Tarikh-e Eslam.
Habibi, S. M. (1386 a.h.). Az Shar ta Shahr: Tahlili Tarikhi az Mafhum-e Shahr va Sima-ye Kalbadi An Tafakor va Ta'asor, Tehran: Daneshgah-e Tehran.
Hanway, Jonas (1753). An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, vol. I, London.
Hayati Tabrizi, Qasem Beg (2018). A Chronicle of the Early Safavids and Reign of Shah Esma’il I (907-930/1501-1524), ed. Kioumars Ghereghlou (New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 2018).
Herodotus (1975). Histories, translated to English by A. D. Godley in 4 vols. vol. II, London: Loeb Classical Library.
Hoseini Qomi, Qazi Ahmad (1383 a.h.). Kholasat ot-Tavarikh, 2 vols. Ed. E. Eshraghi, Tehran: Daneshgah-e Tehran.
Hoseini, Khorshah b. Qobad (1379 a.h.). Tarikh-e Ilchi-ye Nezamshah, ed. M. R. Nasiri & K. Haneda, Tehran: Anjoman-e Asar va Mafakher-e Farhangi.
Iskandar Beg Monshi (1382 a.h.), Tarikh-e Alam Ara-ye 'Abbasi, ed. I. Afshar, Tehran: Amir Kabir Publishers.
Jenkinson, Anthony (1886). Early Voyages and Adventures to Russia and Persia… eds. E. D. Morgan & C. H. Coote, 2 vols, London: Hakluyt Society.
Kasravi, Ahmad (1377 a.h.). Shahryaran-e Gomnam, Tehran: Jami Publishers.
Kendli Harischi, Ghafar (1374 a.h.), Khaghani-ye Sharvani, Hayat, Zaman va Mohit-e 'Ou, trans. [into persian] M. H. Hesari, Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Daneshgahi.
Khawndmir, Ghiyas od-Din (1380 a.h.). Tarikh-e Habib os-Siyar fi Akhbar Abna'e al-Bashar, ed. J. Homayi & M. Dabir Siyaghi, Tehran: Khayam Publishers.
Khouzani Isfahani, Fazli Beg (2015). A Chronicle of the Reign of Shah Abbas, ed. Kioumars Ghereghlou, London: Gibb Memorial Trust Persian Studies.
Kotov, Fedet A. (1356 a.h.). Safarname-ye Kotov, trans. [into Persian] by M. S. Homayunfard, Tehran: Ketabkhane-ye Melli.
L. Aimé-Martin (ed.) (1848). Lettres édifiantes et curieuses concernant l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique, 4 tomes, éd. Société du Panthéon littéraire, Paris.
Lapidus Ira. M. (ed.) (1969). Middle Eastern Cities, A Symposium on Ancient, Islamic and Contemporary Middle Eastern Urbanism, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California.
Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal (1984). “La structure sociale, politique et religious du Caucase du nord au XVIe siècle”, Cahiers du Monde russe et sovietique, 25/2-3, pp. 125-148.
Leviatov, V. N., (1948). Ocherki iz istorii Azerbaidzhana v XVIII veke, Baku: Elm.
Lockhart, L. (1938). Nadir Shah, A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources, New York: AMS Press.
Lockhart, Lawrence (1380 a.h.). Enqeraz-e Selsele-ye Safaviye, trans. E. Dawlatshahi, Tehran: Entesharat-e 'Elmi va Farhangi.
Magnússon S. G. & Szijártó I. M. (2013). What is Microhistory? Theory and Practice, New York: Routledge.
Majidzadeh, Y. (1368 a.h.). Aghaz-e Shahrneshini dar Iran, Tehran: Markaz-e Nashre Daneshgahi.
Marvi, M. Kazem (1369 a.h.), Tarikh-e Alam Ara-ye Naderi, ed. M. A. Riyahi, 3 vols. Tehran: 'Elm Publishers.
Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999). The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran, Cambridge.
Minorski, V. F. (1375 a.h.). Tarikh-e Sharvan va Darband, trans. [into persian], M. Khadem, Tehran: Marja' Publishers.
Minorski, V. F. (1387 a.h.). Negahi Naw be Mashregh-e Qafqaz, trans. [into persian] M. Khadem, Tehran: Marja' Publishers.
Mirza Sami'a (1368 a.h.), Tazkerat al-Moluk, ed. M. Dabir Siyaqi with Minorski's additions, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Moghadasi, M. b. Ahmad (1877). Ketab-e Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'refat al-Aqalim, ed. Dejoe, Leiden: Brill.
Monshi-ye Qomi, Qazi Ahmad b. Hosein (1383 a.h.), Kholasah al-Tavarikh, 2 vols. Ed. Ehsan Eshraghi, Tehran: Daneshgah-e Tehran.
Mostashari, Firouzeh, (2006). On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus, New York: I.B. Tauris.
Mostowfi Qazvini, Hamdollah (1362 a.h.). Ketab-e Nuz’hat ol-Qolub, ed. G. Lestrange, Tehran.
Musavi, T. M., (1977). Orta Asr Azarbaichan Tarikhina dayir Farsdilli Sanadlar, xvi-xviii, Baku: Elm.
Mustafaev, Dj. M., (1989). Ceverniye khanstva Azerbaidjhana i Rossia, (konets XVIII-nachalo XIX v.), Baku: Elm.
Nikitin, Afanasy (1958). Khozhenie za tri Morya, 1466-1472gg., Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
Olearius, Adam, (1726). Voyages tres- curious et tres-renomme fait en Moscovie, Tartarie et en Perse par le Sr. Adam Olearious, tr. par le Sr. De Wicquefort, Amesterdam.
Oxworthy, Mechael (1388 a.h.). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, trans. [into persian] by M. H. Arya, Tehran: Asatir Publishers.
Pakzad, Jahanshah (1390 a.h.). Tarikh-e Shahr va Shahr Neshini dar Iran az Aghaz ta Dowran-e Qajar, Tehran: Armanshahar Publishers.
Peltonen, Mattie (2014). “What is Micro in Microhistory”, in H. Renders & B. de Hann, Theoretical Discussions of Biography, Approaches from History, Microhistory and Life Writing, pp. 105-118.
Petrushevski, I. P. (1357 a.h.). Kashavarzi va Monasebat-e Arzi dar Iran-e 'Ahd-e Moghul, trans. [into persian] by K. Keshavarz, 2 vols. Mo'aseseh-ye Motale'at va Tahghighat-e Ejtema'i.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1941). Istoriya Azerbaidjana, kratkii ocherk, Baku: Izdatel’stvo Aefan.
Petrushevskii, I. P. (1949). Ocherki po istorii feodal’nikh otnosheniiy v Azerbaidzhane I Armenii v XVI- nachale XIX vv. Leningrad.
Pigulevskaya, N. (1367 a.h.). Shahrha-ye Iran dar Ruzegar-e Parthiyan va Sasaniyan, trans. [into persian] by E. Reza, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi Publishers.
Pliny (1855). Natural History of Pliny, with an English translation by John Bostock & H. T. Riley, vol. II, London: Henry G. Bohn.
Procopius (1928). History of the Wars, leob Classical Library, vol. I,
Qadari Daghestani, Mirza Hasan Afandi (1312 a.h.), Asar-e Daghestan, S. Petersburg.
Ra'is Nia, Rahim (1384 a.h.). Tarikh-e Omumi-ye Mantaghe-ye Sharvan dar 'Ahd-e Sharvanshahan, Tehran: Markaz-e Chap va Entesharat-e Vezarat-e 'Omur-e Khareje.
Rumlu, Hasan Beg (1384 a.h.). Ahsan at-Tavarikh, ed. A. Navayi, 3 vols. Tehran: Asatir Publishrers.
Sha'bani, Reza (1388 a.h.). Tarikh-e Iran dar Asr-e Afshariye, 2 vols. Tehran: Entesharat-e Sokhan.
Sharvani, Jamal Khalil (1357 a.h.). Tazkere-ye Nuz’hat ol-Majales, ed. M. A. Riyahi, Tehran: Entesharat-e Elmi.
Soltanzadeh, Hosein (1365 a.h.). Moghadame-yi bar Tarikh-e Shahr va Shahrneshini dar Iran, Tehran: Nashre- Abi.
Strabo (1969). The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation, London: Leob Classical Library.
Struys, Jan Janszoon (1724). Les voyages de Jean Struys: en Moscovie, en Tartarie, en Perse, aux Indes, & en plusieurs autres païs etrangers,….., Paris: M. Galinius.
Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920, the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community, Cambridge University Press.
Tawhedi-Kanimal, Kalimollah (1384 a.h.). Nader-e Sahebgharan: Nadershah bar Asas-e Noskheha-ye Khatti, Sanandaj: Zhiyar Publishers.
Van Helen, Don Juan, (1830). Memoire of Don Juan van Helen, London.
Yousefifar, Shahram (1390 a.h.). Jostarha-yi dar Monasebat-e Shahr va Shahrneshini dowre-ye Saljuqiyan, Tehran: Pazhuheshgah-e 'Olum-e Ensani va Motale'at-e Farhangi.
)