Archaeological Evidence of Scythians Presence in Roudbar of Gilan Province in Iran
Shahin
Aryamanesh
Phd of Archaeology, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran,Iran
author
Seyed Mahdi
Mousavi
Associate professor of Archaeology in Tarbiyat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
Scythians were one of the nomadic tribes that after many displacements in the first millennium BC moved into parts of the present-day Iran (Persia). Historical texts such as those of Herodotus and Strabo and also the inscriptions of Assyrian kings all indicate the presence of Scythians in north-west of Iran. Herodotus has mentioned in his writings that when Scythian headed toward the south, they reached the Caucasus through Derbent. Scythian after passing the Caucasus, they met the Assyrians and had a battle (678 BC) and the Assyrians were victorious. One of the valuable excavations that led to finding human burial along with horses was the explorations of Ali Hakemi in Kaluraz and Jouban area of Roodbar city in Gilan Province carried out from 1965 to 1968. Unfortunately completely reports of Archaeological excavations in Roudbar not published at that time, however after 50 years that reports published, so in this paper, the authors deals with the burials that have been undertaken in these sites and the graves that were found there. Comparing and contrasting the findings of this area with Scythians burial styles mentioned in the historical writings as well as the archaeological findings of the original Scythian sites, the researcher explains about the presence of Scythians in northern Iran.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
3
27
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5789_7946b4144e6549387b70bb335175951f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.27920.1997
The study of measures of governmental and non- governmental departments in providing public foodstuffs in the World War II 1
Abolghasem
Bagheri
Phd student of history, Department of History, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad. Iran.
author
Sayed Ali reza
Abtahi
Assistant professor of history/ Islamic Azad University.Najafabad branch, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II, public foodstuffs in Isfahan were faced with price increases, hoarding, smuggling and degradation of quality. This situation forced governmental and non-governmental departments of Isfahan to take measures to provide public foodstuffs and confront the hoarders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the success of Isfahan governmental and non-governmental agencies in providing foodstuffs during the occupation of Iran in World War II. To investigate this issue, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used.The findings of the present study showed that Isfahan offices, for provision of public foodstuffs, measures taken, such as : monitoring the entry and exit of food, rationing of public foodstuffs, punishing the hoarders and forcing the owners to sell their surplus wheat: however, as a result of some reasons such as : hoarding, the employment of Allied staff in Isfahan offices, the incompatibility of Isfahan offices with each other and with the central governmental and administrative problems, the measures taken by these offices in providing public stuffs were insignificant and they did not manage to meet the expectations of the people.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
31
60
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5792_1544c503730a06ffea8b17965d23b4f9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.29956.2045
Investigating the Performance of the Iranian Government in the Rationing of Goods and Distribution of Coupons in World War II (Case Study: Sugar)
Mohammad
Bakhtiari
assistance professor of history, Imam Khomeini International university, Qazvin . Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
The occupation of Iran in World War II caused many problems such as insecurity, food shortages, hoarding, smuggling and inflation. In order to deal with the current crisis and the fair distribution and distribution of groceries, the government adopted the principles of rationing and distribution of voucher-based essentials so that all members of society could meet their essential needs by paying a reasonable price. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the performance of the government in the rationing and distribution of sugar and sugar coupons in World War II. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is documentary and libraries. The results of the study show that the government has tried to provide the people with the necessary commodities at a reasonable price by adopting measures such as hiring American advisers, issuing banknotes and borrowing to buy goods and receiving quotas from the Middle East Food Supply Committee. But problems such as the production of counterfeit coupons, the sale of coupons by speculators, the emergence of the black market, the hoarding and smuggling of goods, the purchase of goods by the Allies, the shortage of means of transport, and political disagreement caused the government despite a fragmented settlement. One of the problems with the rationing method is failing to achieve the main goals.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
63
90
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5470_77d3e994a1fa7f3fb89bd040122ddf02.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.28338.2010
Social Necessities of Technological Progress in Iran in the Shadow of West Imitation of Qajar kings (Mozaffaruddin Shah)
Hassan-Ali
Pourmand
Associate professor, Art Studies group, Art Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
Sara
Ebrahimi
PhD Student, Art Studies group, Art Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
The advancement of technology in different societies takes different paths. Iran also different paths have been followed in different periods. Muzaffar al-Din Shah on her travels abroad brings a lot of goods with him to Iran so that the Iranian people don’t lag from other countries. But the question is, in fact, what steps were taken to make these phenomena prevalent? What were the features of these steps? What is the relationship between the stages of acceptance of new phenomena in Iran at this time and what is happening in the world? And finally, what is the relationship between the popularity of the technologies and the components of adoption of these technologies? This study is a descriptive, comparative and historical analysis, and the presence of three new technologies during the time of Muzaffar al-Din Shah (cinematographer, car and sewing machine) has been studied. The results show that all three technologies are present in three general stages of court, nobles and popularity in Iranian society. And with regard to the components of consciousness, need, power system, alienation, and the economic situation, Iran has at the time accepted the new phenomena with more delay than the global standard. The ways of acceptance resisting include mythology and horror, in addition to ideological and intellectual negation.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
93
120
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5469_32432fa9396f04f10d562ef68cfdb227.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.27660.1983
The Demographic Impacts of Oil Industry in Khark Island and Its Consequences (1957-1977)
Jahanbakhsh
Savagheb
Professor of History, Lorestan University, ,Khoram abad, Iran.
author
ahmad
lobatfard
PhD of History, Searcher and Teacher of University,Yasooj university, ysooj, Iran
author
Parvin
Rostami
Parvin Rostami, PhD student, History of Islamic Iran, Lorestan University,Khoram abad. Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
This paper use from Historical Research Method Based on Archival Documents to analyze the population effects of the petroleum industry in Khark Island during the years 1957-1977. On the one hand, by showing the link between the oil industry and population growth, the implications for it have been analyzed. According to the findings, the advances made by the oil industry and industrial development in Khark Island, had controversial consequences. On the one hand, by creating job opportunities, sustaining income and developing infrastructure, it created vast potential for population growth on the island, and on the other hand, it has had many social consequences and disrupted Service and influence in the process of growth and development at the local and national levels in the short and long term. As a result, the government and authorities were forced to present and implement informed policies and strategies to solve demographic problems in the region.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
123
146
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5073_88b542b2faac4ac15ed2330c5dfd961b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2019.22042.1794
Patterns of naming of female characters in Qajarid traditional school literature: A study on the social history of popular literature in Iran
Fahime
Hosseinzave
PhD Student of persian language & litarature,, Ferdowsi University .Mashhad-Iran.
author
homa
zanjanizade
Associate Professor of Social Sciences , Ferdowsi University ,Mashhad-Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
Because of its function in revealing the story maker/ story teller's mentalities, pattern of naming the fictional characters is considered as an important topic in new studies of literary criticism as well as in studies of the social history of language and literature. A study on the different ways and methods of naming people in the fictions, especially in popular literature, can reveal the characteristics of their creators, pave the way to identify their desired world, and reflect the intellectual and socio-cultural frameworks in which these fictions produced.. By examining a collection of seventy texts of popular stories used in traditional schools (Maktabkhanas) in Qajarid Iran (selected and edited by Hassan Zolfaghari and Mahboubeh Heydari) and analyzing their content along with statistical review of the names used in these stories and classifying these names by extracting the patterns on which the creators named the characters of fictions, the authors of the article tried to show what the creators of these stories had in their mind. They also examined the differences between these naming patterns, for female characters and male characters in these stories, to show that the conventional pattern of naming women in Qajarid fiction, (as a cultural and social indicator of the Qajarid lived-world), were explicit function of the sex-gender variable, which in turn was depended to the rate of women's participation in society and society's attitude to the women.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
149
172
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5471_8ab599e9b683d0bcafb3c92f452f981e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.30035.2050
Social Consequences of Tabriz Natural Disasters (907-1210 AH
mohammad
rezaei
Assistant Professor of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations,
Azarbaijam Shahid Madani UNIVERSITY ,Tabriz, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
The growth and prosperity of Tabriz, due to its political centrality and settlement among commercial route, did not last for long time. Besides, accruing of natural disasters, particularly, earthquakes, along with invasion of western neighbors led to the decline of the city. During a three-hundred-year period, eight major earthquakes happened and outbreaks of contagious diseases affected different areas of civil life. Various happenings, especially earthquakes, not only did destruct the city several times, but it also led to widespread death tolls which had some short and long-term social consequences. The present study, by applying descriptive-analytical method, attempts to explain the social consequences of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, as an independent variable on the social life of the inhabitants; besides, it tries to answer the main question of the paper: What are the social consequences of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, during the period of Safavid-Qajar rise in Tabriz? It is estimated that physical structure degradation, population decline, psychological problems, social deviations, superstitions, deterioration of living conditions, migration and unwillingness to improve accommodation conditions were the short and long-term consequences of natural disasters.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
175
198
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5588_573572fcc3ea99fb9f163d9a499ea6a7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.28071.2002
Reflection of Poverty in Qajar Era Images; Lawrence Lockhart's album
(Based on Bourdieu's Theory of Sociology)
narges
salehnejad
PhD student of Iranian history. Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
Photographers like sociologists are concerned with social problems like poverty. Most foreign photographers have made great efforts to portray Iranian society. In these photos you can see people's lives and their surroundings. Poverty is a social phenomenon examine in the historical context of society. Poverty is mainly related to economic, political and social conditions and directly related to the distribution of power and wealth in society. What is discussed in this article is how to represent poverty in Lockhart's depictions of Iran. The research question is, what is seen in the images is poverty? It is examined according to Bourdieu's sociology. In Bourdieu's sociology poverty has a social space with certain mechanisms. Poverty in Iran was caused by two mechanisms: the rulers' disregard for the social and economic status of the people And the institutionalization of poverty in people that did not move them to get out of their situation. What Lockhart depicted in his photos, It illustrates the poverty that, despite the beginning of Iran's modernization in the Pahlavi era, continued to plague the people. The "Bolivarian Civilization", was confined to large cities and certain centers, And the farther away from the center, Society and real life in Iran were more self-evident. The contrast seen in Lockhart’s images illustrates this situation, appropriately, While we have the world's largest oil refinery in a city like Abadan At the same time, in cities like Khorramshahr or Mashhad, people struggle with misery that results from government policies.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
201
220
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5788_7ba4e46f8061d94f62b4384981af4ad0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.29194.2031
A survey of social and cultural themes in the historiography of Eskandar beik Munshi
Ahmad Reza
Ebadi
PhD Candidate of Muslim Nations’ Civilization History, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
author
Valiollah
Barzegar Kelishami
Assistant Professor of IMuslim Nations’ Civilization History, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
author
Mohammad Hussein
Farajiha
Assistant Professor of Muslim Nations’ Civilization History, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
Research in the field of social and cultural history in our country has been scant compared to its origins, the west, especially when it comes to case studies and implementation of findings of this field of science on the works of historiography. Using the descriptive-analytical method and analytically studying the text of Eskandar beik Munshi’s Tarikh-e Alam Aray-e Abbasi , this article seeks to answer the question that to what extent are the social and cultural themes used in his historiography, and how he applies them? The purpose of this article is to take a step towards the analytical study of the Iranian Muslim historiography works, in order to extract and explain the themes that are important today in the field of social and cultural history. According to the results of this study, Munshi, in his historiography, pays attention to various aspects of social and cultural history, including religious and theological disputes among governmental and religious actors, habits and interests of different segments of society, personality and moral characteristics of people and groups arising from their ethnicity and culture, the role of women in society, the characteristics of the ideal ruler and government, the superstitious beliefs of the king, the courtiers and the people, as well as some other topics that are studied today under sciences such as cultural anthropology and psychology. Munshi also pays special attention to social and cultural events and considered them to be among the most important issues that should be the subject of historiography.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
223
244
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5612_af5db59cea70130592f06222e637ec7a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.28050.2001
Mismanagement in the Qajar Iran: Āstān-i Quds-i Radhawī Organization, Administration of the Shrine of Imam Ridhā (AS), 1916-1918/1334-1335 AH
Mohammad Ali
Kazembeyki
associated professor of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
The inefficiency of the bureaucratic administration in the Qajar era is not an issue, especially as it was quite evident in the last decades of life of this dynasty in various forms. There is enough information available on the failure or fault of the ministries and their staff in the first decades of the twentieth century/1320s and 1330s AH. However, the incompetence of the offices under the direct supervision of the Shah has received less attention.The present study is concerned with investigating theft of a copy of the Quran writing of which attributed to Imam Sadjdjād (AS) from above the tomb of Imam Ridhā (AS) that was under management of Administration of the Shrine of Imam Ridhā (AS) or Āstān-i Quds-i Radhawī Organization, (1334-1335 AH). Having religious nature, this case, as expected, became the hot news of the press. The incident raised also the issue of managing and overseeing the Āstān-i Quds Organization which outside the realm of government, was one of institutions under the Shah's direct responsibility. As a result of this theft, Āstān-i Quds management's shortcomings were taken seriously. The findings of the present study indicate that what happened was the result of chronic mismanagement in the important religio-politico establishment of Āstān-i Quds, which was headed by the Shah himself. Although public awareness of Āstān-i Quds inefficiency paved the way for structural reforms in the organization, this was not realized at the appropriate time.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
247
272
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5613_a9968aaa6eca2fcccd2eff0bb0597bf0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.27882.1995
The Critique of the artist-mystic concept from the perspective of traditionalists based on studies of social history
Mohammad
Moeinaddini
Assistant Professor of Painting, Soura University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2020
per
For years, the Traditionalist approach to reading traditional works of art has become a major paradigm in Iran's academic studies of arts. Traditionalists believe that traditional arts, including those related to Kitab Araei, especially painting, reflect the world of ideals, and the images used in them are not merely representations of the real world.This view has led many of them to place the painter beyond the ordinary artist, as a mystic, the artist, with an intuitive understanding of ideas forms, has ability to represent idealistic forms in his work. In this article, based on credible historical reports, the social and moral life of famous Iranian artists in the Timurid and Safavid eras is studied, in order to To examine the claims of traditionalists about the mystical life of the artist.The research findings show that what has been quoted from the lives of prominent Iranian artists in historical texts, is more about ordinary people than a mystics or mystical behavior of them. It narrates ordinary but capable and creative human beings that in some cases, they behaved contrary to religious and customary morals and rules. As a result, contrary to popular belief, it can be said that assigning a mystic-artist status to Iranian painters is based solely on a subjective attitude. And this claim of traditionalists about the mystical status of artists is not only inconclusive with historical findings, but in many cases faces serious challenges in studying the lives of artists of that time.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
275
295
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5786_08558929bccc8a45abd337af555019e7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.30800.2075
Women and modernity's thought (case study the Naser Al Din Shah diaries)
Reihaneh
Nazem
Graduated of Master in History of Iran after Islam, Islamic Azad university of science and research of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
Toba
Fazelipour
Assistance Professor of history, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
During the Qajar era, extensive measures were taken to compensate for the undeveloped Iranian of western civilization. Firstly, the military reforms were done and then the plan of bureaucracy’s improvement and government discipline was reformed. The third stage was social reform that took place during the Naseri era. This reforms, like previous programs needed to be modified from up to down society, so that social reformers prepared a plan for the Shah’s travels to the west. Although, These reforms should have led to a fundamental change in the heart of society and the way of life of people, both men and women, in real what happened was that women were ignored in this process. The research have tried with a descriptive-analytic method through a study of diary’s Nasser Al Din Shah the position of women in program’s modernity that’s why they were eliminated from this project. The research claim that some factors of patriarchal custom, religious (The Sharia that supports this custom), the traditional mentality of women and finally the Shah’s upbringing and his belief led to the removal of women from this project.
Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
2383-0484
10
v.
1
no.
2020
299
326
https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5587_f3f09f5695e7cac8f2d7e54c733c03a7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.28546.2016