@article { author = {Razzaghi, Nadir and Dinparast, Vali}, title = {The Role of theUrban Poor, Hooligans, and Ignorant of Tehran in the Constitutional Revolution}, journal = {Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)}, volume = {4}, number = {8}, pages = {125-150}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies}, issn = {2383-0484}, eissn = {2383-0492}, doi = {}, abstract = {The urban poor include various groups such as the hooligans, ignorant, urbanhiredagents, vendors, the unemployed, beggars, construction laborers, peddlers, and outskirts dwellers. With the beginning of the Constitutional Revolution, most of the urban poor, because ofpoverty and economic pressures, joined revolutionaries hoping to get rid of this condition.However, as a result of a number of problems such as increase in the price of goods and commodities,like bread, and insecurity in the society, they were disappointed infulfilling their dreams in the constitutional government. They were also under the influence of the clerics in Tehran.With the beginning of the controversies among the leaders of Constitutional movement, some groups joined the opponent group. There werehooligans and ignorant in both constitutionalist and monarchist campaigns. Given their social nature, they were at the service of the opposition groups and keptusurping people's property or killing them and creating chaos upon the court order. The hooligans of Sarpoulak neighborhood were fans of Constitution and the hooligans of Sangalaj, Hassan Abad, and ChaaleMeidan neighborhoods were opponents of Constitution. The latter group kept harassing the constitutionalists in events like their seeking refuge at the shrine of Hazrat Abdul Aazim, Toopkhanne Square events and bombarding the parliament. They were less committed to moral and religious principles. Other urban poor, because of poverty and being influenced by the pros and cons of Constitution, went along with the hooligans and the ignorant. In this paper, we study the performanceof the poor, the hooligans, and the ignorant of Tehran in the constitutional events. We also explore the reasons for which these groups were both proponents and opponents of theconstitutionalists, and the role played by them in creating social unrest or defending Constitution. This will be done through a descriptive – analytic method. Finally, we will show the way the society elites hired the poor and the ignorant groups of the society in political events.}, keywords = {The poor,The ignorant,Tehran,Opponents of Constitution,Constitutionalists}, title_fa = {نقش تهیدستان شهری و لوطیان و جهّال تهران در انقلاب مشروطیت}, abstract_fa = {تهیدستان شهری شامل گروه‌های متعددی مانند لوطیان‌، مزدوران شهری، دست‌فروشان، حاشیه‌نشینان شهری و...‌بودند. با شروع انقلاب مشروطه، بیشترِ این اقشار به امید رهایی از فقر و فشارهای اقتصادی به انقلابیون پیوستند. اما، در پی ایجاد مشکلاتی نظیر افزایش قیمت اجناس از تحقّق آمال خود در حکومت مشروطه ناامید شدند و از آنجا که تحت نفوذ نخبگان جامعه بودند، با شکل‌گیری دو گروه مشروطه‌خواهان و سلطنت‌طلبان، لوطیان و جهّال در هر دو جبهه حضور یافتند. برخی با توجه به خصلت اجتماعی خود، در خدمت گروه‌های مخالف قرارگرفته و به غارت و چپاول اموال مردم پرداخته و به دستور دربار به قتل و ایجاد آشوب دست‌می‌زدند. سایر تهیدستان شهری از جهت فقر و اینکه در حوادث مشروطه تحت نفوذ مخالفان و موافقان مشروطیت قرارگرفتند، به همراه لوطیان و جهّال در یک طیف قرارداشتند. در این مقاله،با شیوۀ تحلیلی و توصیفی، عملکرد تهیدستان، لوطیان و جهّال تهران در حوادث مشروطه و اینکه چرا این گروه‌ها در دو سوی مشروطه‌خواهان و مخالفان قرارگرفتند و نقش آنان در ایجاد آشوب‌های اجتماعی و یا در دفاع از مشروطیت چگونه بوده‌است، و همچنین این موضوع که نخبگان جامعه در تحوّلات سیاسی چگونه گروه‌های فرودست و ناآگاه جامعه را به خدمت خود می‌گیرند، بررسی می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {تهیدستان,لوطیان,جهّال,تهران,مخالفان مشروطه,مشروطه‎خواهان}, url = {https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1333.html}, eprint = {https://socialhistory.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1333_146b9e556b154ef1a50581194745d18f.pdf} }