Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922Alternation of Social Life of Transoxiana under Russification Policy (1864-1917)Alternation of Social Life of Transoxiana under Russification Policy (1864-1917)1221751FASeyyedehFahimeh EbrahimiPhD in History, Tehran UniversityJournal Article20141201 <br />Social life of Transoxiansat the end of its declining process in the 19 AD/13 AH experienced another raid of alien tribes. Employing a descriptive research method, the present paper attempts to narrate the Muslims’ social life in Transoxiana. It particularly investigates the period in which this land had been colonized by Russians. Transformations in the ethnic and demographic composition made Russians in charge of seven million Muslims who were being dominated through adopting Russification policy. Considering such circumstances, the main issue addressed in this paper is the changes that occurred in the social life of the Muslims as a result of adopting such a policy. The findings of the study reveal that for practicing Russification—aimed at assimilating Transoxiana to Russian society and culture—the Russians established a new form of colonized society by becoming governors and citizens of the Muslim society. The results of study deepened the initial question and led to this idea that the Russian colonizers by changing ethnic composition of the society and penetrating into its religious authority and civil laws, as well as building Russian cities, established a new form of colonized cities. <br />Social life of Transoxiansat the end of its declining process in the 19 AD/13 AH experienced another raid of alien tribes. Employing a descriptive research method, the present paper attempts to narrate the Muslims’ social life in Transoxiana. It particularly investigates the period in which this land had been colonized by Russians. Transformations in the ethnic and demographic composition made Russians in charge of seven million Muslims who were being dominated through adopting Russification policy. Considering such circumstances, the main issue addressed in this paper is the changes that occurred in the social life of the Muslims as a result of adopting such a policy. The findings of the study reveal that for practicing Russification—aimed at assimilating Transoxiana to Russian society and culture—the Russians established a new form of colonized society by becoming governors and citizens of the Muslim society. The results of study deepened the initial question and led to this idea that the Russian colonizers by changing ethnic composition of the society and penetrating into its religious authority and civil laws, as well as building Russian cities, established a new form of colonized cities.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922A Survey on the Criteria for Social Stratification of Mariners in Iranian Southern Coasts (A.H 7-10th /A.D 13-16th Centuries)A Survey on the Criteria for Social Stratification of Mariners in Iranian Southern Coasts (A.H 7-10th /A.D 13-16th Centuries)23441752FAAli BahranipourAssistant Professor/ History DepartmentJournal Article20140316 <br />A traditional seafaring and production style merged during the rule of Maliks of Hormoz Island, whose staff was composed of a set of mariners under Maliks of Hormoz Island. This network was later discontinued because of the hegemony of European colonial mercantilism and was replaced by a new system of seafaring. Within this traditional production style, there appeared a social stratification among the mariners due to some reasons including development in shipwright industry, ship ownership, progress in seafaring instruments, sea sciences, and the emergence of specialized and skilled methods in the traditional (Asian) seafaring, based on the native culture of the people of the Persian Gulf. This stratification developed as a result of the growth in the marine trade between 13-14<sup>th</sup> centuries. It seems that each of these strata moved towards specialization in its job, and this led to a traditional labor division. The present paper aims to analyze the criteria used forstratifying these mariners through recognizing and describing such a social stratification system. The method in this study is based on historical research method with a descriptive-analytic approach. The findings of the research indicate that mariners were stratified based on a series of factors including wealth, ownership over production equipment, naval knowledge and its skills, military power, and body labor. <br />A traditional seafaring and production style merged during the rule of Maliks of Hormoz Island, whose staff was composed of a set of mariners under Maliks of Hormoz Island. This network was later discontinued because of the hegemony of European colonial mercantilism and was replaced by a new system of seafaring. Within this traditional production style, there appeared a social stratification among the mariners due to some reasons including development in shipwright industry, ship ownership, progress in seafaring instruments, sea sciences, and the emergence of specialized and skilled methods in the traditional (Asian) seafaring, based on the native culture of the people of the Persian Gulf. This stratification developed as a result of the growth in the marine trade between 13-14<sup>th</sup> centuries. It seems that each of these strata moved towards specialization in its job, and this led to a traditional labor division. The present paper aims to analyze the criteria used forstratifying these mariners through recognizing and describing such a social stratification system. The method in this study is based on historical research method with a descriptive-analytic approach. The findings of the research indicate that mariners were stratified based on a series of factors including wealth, ownership over production equipment, naval knowledge and its skills, military power, and body labor.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922Mounat Position in Urban Regions during Al-Buyeh DynastyMounat Position in Urban Regions during Al-Buyeh Dynasty45641753FAMohammad Rahim RabanizadehAssistant Professor of History, Research Center for Human Sciences and Cultural StudiesMaryam NasriDashtArzandiMA in Islamic Iran history/ Research Center for Human Sciences and Cultural StudiesJournal Article20150102The purpose of this study is to investigate the evolutionary trend of changes in the meaning and functionality of Mounat position during 321-448 A.H. In the present study, the effects of “Al-Buyeh political system” and “interior urban developments” on the “Mounat position” in the urban society of Al-Buyeh were studied. The research methodology was descriptive-analytic and based on Giddens’ssocial theory of functionality. Accordingly, a proper archive was prepared based on available written documents. Having formed the theoretical fundamentals, the status of “Mounat” was described while assessing the collected data. The research findings reveal that Mounat position played a crucially important role as the military and magisterial power. This represents the clever employment of Al-Buyeh of social changes of the time (formation of non-religious culture). In addition, the dissatisfaction of urban people with constabularies and tendency to dominate Baghdad and the Abbasid administration can be seen as another reason for better acceptance of Mounat position.The purpose of this study is to investigate the evolutionary trend of changes in the meaning and functionality of Mounat position during 321-448 A.H. In the present study, the effects of “Al-Buyeh political system” and “interior urban developments” on the “Mounat position” in the urban society of Al-Buyeh were studied. The research methodology was descriptive-analytic and based on Giddens’ssocial theory of functionality. Accordingly, a proper archive was prepared based on available written documents. Having formed the theoretical fundamentals, the status of “Mounat” was described while assessing the collected data. The research findings reveal that Mounat position played a crucially important role as the military and magisterial power. This represents the clever employment of Al-Buyeh of social changes of the time (formation of non-religious culture). In addition, the dissatisfaction of urban people with constabularies and tendency to dominate Baghdad and the Abbasid administration can be seen as another reason for better acceptance of Mounat position.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922An Investigation of the Socio-political Impact of the Mystic Sects (Tarighats) of Kurdestān in the Early Decades of the 20th CenturyAn Investigation of the Socio-political Impact of the Mystic Sects (Tarighats) of Kurdestān in the Early Decades of the 20th Century65821754FAAbbāsZārei MehrvarzAssistant Professor of history/Bu-Ali Sina UniversityJournal Article20150102In the early decades of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the leaders of the mystic sects of Kurdestān, particularly the Naghshbandieh sect, took numerous measures in various places and in various domains of activity to increase their influence and socio-political power. The influence of the Naghshbandieh sect increased at the time of the constitution and after it. In the triple uprisings of SālārOldollah in Kurdestān, the Naghshbandieh sect defended him. With the rise of the First World War, the Naghshbandieh sect joined the Ottomans, entered Kurdestān with the Ottoman troops, and invited their followers to participate in Jihād (holy war) against Russia and England. Nonetheless, this sect occasionally entered into political dealings with the powers in the war. In general, the mystic sects in Kurdestān performed a large number of political and social activities in this period to increase their social and political power. However, when RezāKhān came to the throne, the Naghshbandieh sect failed in almost all its political and social efforts.In the early decades of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the leaders of the mystic sects of Kurdestān, particularly the Naghshbandieh sect, took numerous measures in various places and in various domains of activity to increase their influence and socio-political power. The influence of the Naghshbandieh sect increased at the time of the constitution and after it. In the triple uprisings of SālārOldollah in Kurdestān, the Naghshbandieh sect defended him. With the rise of the First World War, the Naghshbandieh sect joined the Ottomans, entered Kurdestān with the Ottoman troops, and invited their followers to participate in Jihād (holy war) against Russia and England. Nonetheless, this sect occasionally entered into political dealings with the powers in the war. In general, the mystic sects in Kurdestān performed a large number of political and social activities in this period to increase their social and political power. However, when RezāKhān came to the throne, the Naghshbandieh sect failed in almost all its political and social efforts.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150921The Relationship between Religion and State in the Seljuk Society: The Socio- cultural Tension between Ideologies of Nizām al-Mulk and the Abbasid CaliphateThe Relationship between Religion and State in the Seljuk Society: The Socio- cultural Tension between Ideologies of Nizām al-Mulk and the Abbasid Caliphate831001845FATomoko ShimoyamaPh.D Student of History/Tarbiat Moadres UniversitySeyed Hashem AghajariAssistant Professorof History/Tarbiat Moadres UniversityJournal Article20131208
Ideology and politics in the society and history (including the Seljuk era) are in close relationship. The ideological history of the Seljuk era and more importantly ideologies of Nizām al-Mulk have long been a complicated historical issue as a result of ignoring historical dynamicity of ideologies and the issues related to their culture and identity. This has also led to misleading interpretations in the whole historiography of the Seljuk era. The present paper, using hermeneutic analysis, studies the relationship between religion and state in the religious-political tension of the Seljuk dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate in the fifth century. Moreover, the main points in the ideology of Nizām al-Mulk which were at cultural conflict with Abbasid Caliphate’s Arabian ideology will be elaborated on.
Ideology and politics in the society and history (including the Seljuk era) are in close relationship. The ideological history of the Seljuk era and more importantly ideologies of Nizām al-Mulk have long been a complicated historical issue as a result of ignoring historical dynamicity of ideologies and the issues related to their culture and identity. This has also led to misleading interpretations in the whole historiography of the Seljuk era. The present paper, using hermeneutic analysis, studies the relationship between religion and state in the religious-political tension of the Seljuk dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate in the fifth century. Moreover, the main points in the ideology of Nizām al-Mulk which were at cultural conflict with Abbasid Caliphate’s Arabian ideology will be elaborated on.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922Conflicts of Iranian Transmigration Life with Urban and Rural Lives in Mongol EraConflicts of Iranian Transmigration Life with Urban and Rural Lives in Mongol Era1011201755FAGhorbanali KenarroodiAssistant Professor of History/Islamic Azad University Tonekabon BranchSohayla NaimiPhd Student of History/ Kharazmi UniversityJournal Article20140510In Iran, transmigration has for long been one of the common ways of living. At the time of their arrival, the Mongols imposed a transmigration system on Iranians which had detrimental consequences as it was in lower conditions than their former transmigration experience. Using a historical analysis methodology, the present paper attempts to investigate the consequences of the spread of the conflicts between the constant residency and transmigration and the principles governing them in the Mongol era, as well as surveying the social and cultural specifications of Iranian trans-migrants and residents. It could be seen that the presence of Mongol and Turk transmigrates in the suburbsof a number of cities in Iran—who attempted to maintain their values and dignities and ignored the urban infrastructures—increased the conflicts between the transmigration and residency rapidly. Consequently, many Iranian rural areas and cities were destroyed following Mongol offensive acts, and urban affairs began to regress. Urban population was reduced, big cities became smaller, and small towns became villages and rural areas. Industries and production workplaces waned as a result of lack of labor force and market insecurity. Taxes and tolls, taken from the villagers and free-job holders, made them weaker and weaker. Resources and pasture exploitation methods changed and agriculture and irrigation systems were destroyed completely as well.In Iran, transmigration has for long been one of the common ways of living. At the time of their arrival, the Mongols imposed a transmigration system on Iranians which had detrimental consequences as it was in lower conditions than their former transmigration experience. Using a historical analysis methodology, the present paper attempts to investigate the consequences of the spread of the conflicts between the constant residency and transmigration and the principles governing them in the Mongol era, as well as surveying the social and cultural specifications of Iranian trans-migrants and residents. It could be seen that the presence of Mongol and Turk transmigrates in the suburbsof a number of cities in Iran—who attempted to maintain their values and dignities and ignored the urban infrastructures—increased the conflicts between the transmigration and residency rapidly. Consequently, many Iranian rural areas and cities were destroyed following Mongol offensive acts, and urban affairs began to regress. Urban population was reduced, big cities became smaller, and small towns became villages and rural areas. Industries and production workplaces waned as a result of lack of labor force and market insecurity. Taxes and tolls, taken from the villagers and free-job holders, made them weaker and weaker. Resources and pasture exploitation methods changed and agriculture and irrigation systems were destroyed completely as well.Institute for Humanities and Cultural StudiesTahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)2383-04845920150922Grounds and Social Factors in the Formation and Promotion of Ghurids' Military PowerGrounds and Social Factors in the Formation and Promotion of Ghurids' Military Power1211421756FAJamshid NowrouziAssistant Professor of History /Payam-e- Noor UniversityJournal Article20150306The present article studies the grounds and factors which influenced the formation and promotion of Ghurids’ military power and their military actions for encountering invaders and rivals. The present paper, based on historical sources and a descriptive- analytic approach, has studied the ups and downs experienced by the Ghurids for gaining military authority and power and also various factors effective in the formation and development of Ghurids’ military power. The main issue addressed by this study is the internal and external factors effective in the formation of Ghurids’ military power and the promotion of their military abilities. The findings of the research indicate that internal elements such as Ghur mountainous location, the characteristics of its people and its enjoyment of mines of metals utilized in making arms had influenced their gaining military power. Furthermore, external factors such as Ghurids' struggles with some of their powerful neighbors, increase in their motives for gaining power and repelling invaders, expansion of Ghurids' territory and their encountering powerful rivals, and promotion of their military power via military experiences of other powers were also at work.The present article studies the grounds and factors which influenced the formation and promotion of Ghurids’ military power and their military actions for encountering invaders and rivals. The present paper, based on historical sources and a descriptive- analytic approach, has studied the ups and downs experienced by the Ghurids for gaining military authority and power and also various factors effective in the formation and development of Ghurids’ military power. The main issue addressed by this study is the internal and external factors effective in the formation of Ghurids’ military power and the promotion of their military abilities. The findings of the research indicate that internal elements such as Ghur mountainous location, the characteristics of its people and its enjoyment of mines of metals utilized in making arms had influenced their gaining military power. Furthermore, external factors such as Ghurids' struggles with some of their powerful neighbors, increase in their motives for gaining power and repelling invaders, expansion of Ghurids' territory and their encountering powerful rivals, and promotion of their military power via military experiences of other powers were also at work.