Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1 Phd student of history, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
2 Professor of history , Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of history, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
Abstract
The long reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (1848-1896) has been accompanied by numerous uprisings that took place in different natures and in the form of individual movements to collective and widespread actions in the country. The main actors in these uprisings ranged from the social masses to government and religious leaders. The purpose of this article is to characterize the uprisings of the Nasserite era and to study the bedrock factors of these uprisings in a descriptive-analytical method based on library information. The findings show that the riots of this period with multiple nature of political (dynastic), tribal, religious (sectarian) and socio-economic (urban and rural areas) on the basis of dissatisfaction with the existing political structure and social relations, power-seeking And the political intentions of some activists and the intervention of foreign interventionist governments in Iran have been formed, and despite creating some instability and fragility in the Nasserite government, they have often failed without achieving a specific result.
Keywords
Extended Abstract
Typology of the Nasserite era uprisings and study of the factors of their occurrence
The long reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (Ruled: 1264-1313 AH / 1848-1896 AD) has been accompanied by numerous uprisings that took place in different natures and in the form of individual movements to collective and widespread actions in the country. have given. The main actors in these uprisings ranged from the social masses to government and religious leaders. Some of these uprisings had taken place in social relations before Nasser al-Din Shah, and others on the existing dissatisfaction with the political and social conditions of his time occurred. Reactions also took place due to the people's familiarity with Western society and being on the path of growth and change in the thirteenth century AH / nineteenth century AD. The opposition of the princes claiming the monarchy, the unrest in the cities against the rulers of the states or the government, the claim of the independence of the tribes, were the most important problems of the Nasserite government. The general public's attachments and tendencies to religion also paved the way for the creation of religious sects by opportunists. The lack of political supremacy of the government apparatus and the main operators of the society itself contributes to the growth of insecurity and chaos in the country. On the other hand, the special socio-political influence exerted on the government by the Russian and British colonial governments in the form of support or concessions adds to the aggravation of the situation. Thus, during this period, there were numerous riots of a political, socio-economic, religious and tribal nature, in which the existing political structure and social relations, together with the intervention of foreign powers, were effective. The main actors in these uprisings were various sections of society, including members of the royal family, religious leaders, tribal leaders, and the masses.
The purpose of this article is the typology of the uprisings of the Nasserite era and to study the factors and contexts underlying these uprisings. The main question of the research is what internal factors were effective in creating the bedrock of the riots of the Nasserite era? The research hypothesis emphasizes the structure of the political system and the existing socio-economic relations of Qajarid society as a creative factor and the involvement of supra-regional powers as an aggravating factor in the uprisings.
From the point of view of sociological knowledge, rebellion means a cross-sectional movement without a plan or reaction to a movement. Revolt can occur for individual or collective, political, cultural and economic motives. Most of the unplanned and collective protests in the cities are called riots. The revolts of the Nasserite era in terms of scope and scope of influence emerged in the form of three types of revolts: quiet but fluid revolts; Silent riots; and loud riots. From the typological point of view of the spectrum of actors, the revolts of the Nasserite era are divided into four types: The revolts of the princes, which took place among the members of the royal dynasty with the aim of seeking power; Sectarian-religious riots, an example of which is the Babi revolt; Urban riots, which took place with different political, religious and socio-economic natures; Ethnic and tribal uprisings (tribes): Kurds, Bakhtiaris and Baluchis, which occurred in order to gain more power or freedom of action in their area of establishment.
Among the important internal factors that have been the cause of these riots are: The tribal nature of government; Building the unilateral power of the monarchy; Social and economic structure; Corruption and inefficiency of the administrative system; Existing tribal and tribal relations; Lack of an efficient legal and judicial system to deter pressure and abuse human rights; Emergence of some religious ideas and attitudes in society; The effective presence of the supra-regional and hegemonic powers of Russia and Britain in the country and interference in the political and economic affairs of Iran. But the fragmentation, unplannedness, lack of long-term goals and alternatives to political power, the lack of widespread institutional social solidarity of these uprisings, and the policy of repression and violence of the Qajarid regime prevented these movements from becoming a general subversive movement; However, other factors and actors paved the way for a change in the Qajarid rule in the form of the constitutional movement.
Thus, the research findings show that the riots of this period with multiple political (dynastic), tribal, religious (sectarian) and socio-economic (urban and rural) nature on the basis of dissatisfaction with the existing political structure and social relations, power The political intentions of some activists and the intervention of foreign interventionist governments in Iran have been formed, and despite creating some instability and fragility in the Nasserite government, they have often failed without achieving a specific result.
This research is of historical analysis type and its information is based on historical sources (official histories and travelogues) in a library method and the subject is explained in a descriptive-analytical way.
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