Archaeological Evidence of Scythians Presence in Roudbar of Gilan Province in Iran

Aryamanesh, Shahin; Mousavi, Seyed Mahdi

doi:10.30465/shc.2020.27920.1997

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

¹ Phd of Archaeology, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran,Iran

² Associate professor of Archaeology in Tarbiyat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.30465/shc.2020.27920.1997

Abstract

Scythians were one of the nomadic tribes that after many displacements in the first millennium BC moved into parts of the present-day Iran (Persia). Historical texts such as those of Herodotus and Strabo and also the inscriptions of Assyrian kings all indicate the presence of Scythians in north-west of Iran. Herodotus has mentioned in his writings that when Scythian headed toward the south, they reached the Caucasus through Derbent. Scythian after passing the Caucasus, they met the Assyrians and had a battle (678 BC) and the Assyrians were victorious. One of the valuable excavations that led to finding human burial along with horses was the explorations of Ali Hakemi in Kaluraz and Jouban area of Roodbar city in Gilan Province carried out from 1965 to 1968. Unfortunately completely reports of Archaeological excavations in Roudbar not published at that time, however after 50 years that reports published, so in this paper, the authors deals with the burials that have been undertaken in these sites and the graves that were found there. Comparing and contrasting the findings of this area with Scythians burial styles mentioned in the historical writings as well as the archaeological findings of the original Scythian sites, the researcher explains about the presence of Scythians in northern Iran.

Keywords

References

حاکمی، علی، (1347)، گزارش بررسی‌ها و کاوش‌های رودبار گیلان، مرکز اسناد میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری (منتشرنشده).

حاکمی، علی (1347). اشیاء فلزی مکشوفه در کلورز گیلان، یادنامۀ پنجمین کنگرۀ بین‌المللی باستان‌شناسی و هنر ایران، تهران، اصفهان، شیراز، 22 تا 29 فروردین 1347، جلد اول، تهران: انتشارات وزارت فرهنگ و هنر: 2-16.

حاکمی، علی (1396). گزارش کاوش‌های رودبار گیلان، 1343 تا 1347 خورشیدی، به‌کوشش شاهین آریامنش، تهران: پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری.

دیاکونوف، ایگور میخائیلوویچ (1386). تاریخ ماد. ترجمه کریم کشاورز. تهران: شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.

رضالو، رضا و یحیی آیرملو (1393). آیین تدفین اسب در میان اقوام سکایی، مطالعۀ موردی گورستان خرم‌آباد مشگین‌شهر، جامعه‌شناسی تاریخی، پاییز و زمستان 1393: دورۀ 6، شمارۀ 3: 113-144.

رضالو، رضا و یحیی آیرملو (1394). شواهد باستان‌شناختی جدید از حضور تاریخی اقوام سکایی در ایران، فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های تاریخی، زمستان 1394، شمارۀ 28: 17-32.

رضائی باغ‌بیدی، حسن (1388). تاریخ زبان‌های ایرانی، تهران: مرکز دائره‌المعارف بزرگ اسلامی.

فرای، ریچارد نلسون (1386). تاریخ باستانی ایران، ترجمۀ مسعود رجب‌نیا، چاپ سوم، تهران، علمی و فرهنگی

گروسه، رنه (1365). امپراطوری صحرانوردان، ترجمۀ عبدالحسین میکده، تهران: علمی و فرهنگی

موچشی، امیرساعد (1388). ارزیابی مجدّد گاهنگاری آثار زیویه، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، دوره 1، شماره 2، پاییز و زمستان 1388: 121-141.

موسوی، سیدمهدی و شاهین آریامنش (1398). اسبان ورجاوند، تطور ارجمندی اسب نزد هندی‌ایرانیان، پیش و از پس مهاجرت، تحقیقات تاریخ اجتماعی، دورۀ 9، شمارۀ 1، بهار و تابستان 1398: 297-319.

نگهبان، عزت‌الله (1378). حفاری‌های مارلیک (1)، تهران: سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور.

Artamonov, M, (1966), Sokrovishcha Skifskikh Kuganov Sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha-Pragu-Lenin grad from Great Soviet Encycolopedia, Vol.29, 1982.

Bailey, H.W., (2009), Indo-scythian Studies Being Khotanese Texts,‎‏ ‏Cambridge University Press.‏

Barnett, R.D, (1956), ‎the ‎treasure of Ziwie, Iraq, vol.18, pp: 111-118.‎

Bokovenko, Nikolai, A, (1995), Scythian Culture in the Altai Mountains, in Nomads of the Erusian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, Edited by Davis-Kimball, Vladimir A. Bashiloy and Leonid T Yablonsky, Ziant Press, Berkeley, C, Pp:299-314.

Chase, D. Z. (1996), Burial and Tombs, in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, B.M, Fagan (ed.). New York & Oxford University Press, Pp: 109-110.

Chugunov, K. V and T. V. Rjabkova and St J. Simpson, (2017), Mounted Warriors, in Scythians Warriors of ancient Siberia, edited by Simpson St John and Svetlana Pankova, Thames & Hudson, 193-255.

Cunliffe, Barry, (2019), The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe, Oxford University Press.

Curtis, J. & Kruszynski, M., (2002). Ancient Caucasian and Related Material in the British Museum - British Museum Research Publication No. 121.

Curtis, John and Miroslaw Kruszynski, (2002), Ancient Caucasian and Related Material in the British Museum - British Museum Research Publication No. 121.

Curtis, John, Nigel Tallis, and Béatrice André-Salvini, (2005), Forgotten Empire: the World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley: University of California.

Dashevskaia, O.D., (1978), “Neapolis”, in Great Soviet Encycolopedia, A.M Prokhorva (ed.), Vol.17, New York: Macmillan Inc. & London: Collier Macmillan Publishers.

Dyson, R.H, 1964, The city of the goldenbowl: new excavations at Hasanlu, inPersian Azerbaijan. The Illustrated London News 12th September 1964: 372–4.

Godard, A, 1950, Le Trésor de Ziwiyè, Publication du service archéologique, Iran.

Goff, C, 1978, Excavation at Baba Jan: The Pottey and Metal for Levels III and II, Iran, Vol. XVI. pp 29-66.

Helm. Peyton, R, 1981, Herodotus' Medikos Logos and Median History, Iran, Vol. 19 (1981): 85-90.

Herodotus, (1928), Herodotus, With an English Translation by A. D. Godley. London Heinemann.

Kantor, j. H, (1960), A fragment of a gold applique from Ziwie and some remarks on the artistic traditions of Armenia and Iran during the early first millennium B.C, JNES, volume 19, pp. 1-14.

Khazanov, A. (2015), “The Scythians and Their Neighbors,” in Nomads as Agents of ‎Cultural ‎Change, ‎eds., R. Amitai and M. Biran (Honolulu, 2015) 32-49.‎

Kuz’mina, Elena E, (2007), The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Edited by J.P. Mallory, BRILL.

Luckenbill, D.D, (1927), Ancientr ecordso fAssyriaa nd Babylonia, Vol. 2, Chicago.

Mallory, J. P., (1990), In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archeology and Myth, London.

Minns, E.H., (2003), “Scythians”, in J.Hastings (ed), Encycolopedia ofReligion Aaand Eethics, London & New York: T&T Clark.

Murphy, E.J., (2000),"Mummification and Boby Processing: Evidence from the Iron Age in southern Siberia", in kurgans, Ritual sites, andSettlements: Eurasian Bronz and Iron Age, Jeannine Davis-Kirnbel et al (eds), Oxford: Archeopress, pp.279-292.

Polosmak, N. V, (1994), Steregushchiye zoloto griphy. Novosobirsk: Nauka, from Koryakova, L. Some Notes About material Culture of Eurasian Nomads, In Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age, Jeanine Davis-kimble et al (eds.), Oxford: Achaeopress, Pp: 13-18.

Porda, E, (1965), The Art of Ancient Iran, New York.

Potts D.T, (2014), Nomadism in Iran: from antiquity to the modern era. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Randa, Alexander, (1954), Handbuch der Weltgeschichte. vol. 1. Zürich: Otto Walker.

Rostovtzeff, M. & Hon.D. Lilt, (1969), Iranians & Greeks in South Russia, New

Tahqiqāt-e Tārikh-e Ejtemā’i (Social History Studies)

Archaeological Evidence of Scythians Presence in Roudbar of Gilan Province in Iran

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
Spring and Summer
September 2020
Pages 3-27

Archaeological Evidence of Scythians Presence in Roudbar of Gilan Province in Iran

References

References

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19Spring and SummerSeptember 2020Pages 3-27

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
Spring and Summer
September 2020
Pages 3-27