نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• حسین آبادیان

استاد گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران.

چکیده

یکی از پیامدهای جنگ اول جهانی در ایران آسیبهای اجتماعی اقشاری از شهروندان به ویژه در شهر تهران بود. بنابراین بلدیه تهران برای کاستن از بحرانها، اطفال بی سرپرست را مدیریت کرد، تعداد زیادی از زنان آواره تحت پوشش قرار گرفتند، برای تحکیم پایه های خانواده و نظارت دقیق تر بر امور چهارگانه نکاح، طلاق، ارث و مالکیت مقررات قانون سجل احوال جدی تر گرفته شد و برای کسانی که از ثبت احوال خویش خودداری میکردند، مجازاتهائی در نظر گرفته شد. تا سالهای بعدی که به مرور اداره سجل احوال، بهداریها و مدارس شبانه روزی از بلدیه منتزع شدند، وظایف مزبور برعهده این بود. بنابراین پرسش اصلی مقاله حاضر این است که نقش بلدیه در مهار آسیبهای اجتماعی در مقطع زمانی سالهای 1300 تا 1320 چه بود و این نهاد با چه ابزارهائی میخواست تقویت نهاد خانواده و فرایند کاستن از آسیبهای اجتماعی را بین اقشار فرودست اجتماعی تحقق بخشد؟ این مقاله بر اساس روش توصیفی-تحلیلی نشان میدهد که بلدیه تهران در این دوره بر اساس سیاست تمرکزگرائی و با اختیارات وسیعی که داشت، توانست تا حد زیادی برخی آسیبهای اجتماعی را مهار نماید. اما با محدود شدن اختیارات این نهاد، بحرانهای سابق کمابیش ادامه یافتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آسیب های اجتماعی
• آموزش
• فرهنگ
• پرورش
• اخلاق مدنی

موضوعات

• تاریخ اجتماعی

Extended Abstract

Social Harms and the Operations of Tehran Municipality (1921-1941)

Since the constitutional revolution onwards, the administration of the municipality, which was formed during the Sepahsalar period but did not have the necessary efficiency, did play a great role in urban social affairs. Although, due to many social and political crises, this institution could not perform its duties properly again. From the coup d'etat of February 1921, in parallel with the policy of centralization, Baladieh found a very extensive duty description. The municipality Not only was in charge of overseeing construction and phenomena such as overselling and hoarding, but it also took on cultural and social responsibilities.

Organizing homeless children and street women, establishing vocational schools and boarding schools, controlling infectious diseases, establishing a nursing home, and, above all, passing a civil law to monitor the rules of marriage, divorce, property, and inheritance; were Only a few of these duty descriptions at that time. All of these measures, and most importantly the Civil Registration Law, were taken to regulate the social situation and prevent the damages were caused by lawlessness. This study shows that the tasks of the municipality were not just cleaning the city, development and modernization, but resolving the social crises that prevented the regulation of people's behavior and the institutionalization of civic ethics, was the top priority of this institution.

One of these crises was the problem of street children and women, who had lost their heads of household mainly due to the Great Famine of 1916 and resorted to social crimes. Another task of the municipality was to create health facilities to facilitate the interaction of urban people with each other. Also, it legalized the pillars of the family institution in order to determine the description of the duties and functions of family members in relation to each other. The focus of all these efforts, which were mainly carried out by force and through the issuance of bills, was the social health of the city's residents.

Due to the fact that the process of social exclusion was very intense among some social strata, efforts were made to help them socialize legally and, of course, by forcing them to socialize through the methods such as learning appropriate professions. Even the hospitals, as a part of the Tehran Municipality, were responsible for identifying and treating those who were not psychologically able to establish a proper social relationship with others in an urban community. The treatment and improvement of these people also helped to strengthen the family institution.

The importance of the issue was such that Reza Shah personally pursued issues related to sexually transmitted diseases as well as hospitals, by this way the state protected the society from the harms caused by these problems. However, the description of the duties of the municipality was not only fundamentally different from the similar institutions of the history of Islamic Iran, but it was also different from the municipality of the Sepahsalar era up to that time. Because before that, the duty of the municipality was to monitor the weights and quantities and to command the good and forbid the bad on the one hand and to clean the city on the other hand. But for the first time, the upbringing of the lower classes of society in order to protect the family institution, promote civic ethics, improve social relations and the process of socialization was given priority and the description of its duties was greatly expanded.

This description was so extensive that parts of it was later delegated to other institutions and ministries. Later, with the withdrawal of educational, upbringing, cultural and health tasks from the municipality, and the limitation of the tasks of this institution to cleaning and civil operations, the socialization process, which was expanding at a favorable pace, took the opposite direction. Since that, they tried to force the people to obey the law by relying on law by order of the gendarmerie in the absence of creating a culture commensurate and the needs of the society. However, due to the weakening of the legal institutions in charge of the administration of urban society, including Baladieh, when the Allied forces occupied the country in September 1941, the process of preferring personal interests over collective interests re-emerged and many crises arose.