Bibliography
-Ady, S. K.(2002).The royal cult in the East (F. Badrei, Trans). Tehran: Translation & Publishing Institute. [In Persian]
-Amoozegar, Z.(1995).Mythical History of Iran. Tehran: SAMT. [In Persian]
-Aristotle.(2023).Politics (H. Enayat, Trans.). Tehran: Negah. [In Persian]
-Bagheri, M. K., & Rezaei, M.(2012).The role of hunting among the Achaemenids. Iranian Studies Journal, 21. [In Persian]
-Boyce, M.(2002).Zoroastrians (A. Bahrami, Trans.). Tehran: Khorshid. [In Persian]
-Briant, P.(2007).Political unity and cultural interaction in the Achaemenid Empire (N. Foroughan, Trans.). Tehran: Akhtaran. [In Persian]
-Brousseau, M.(2007).The Achaemenid Empire from Cyrus the Great to Artaxerxes I (H. Mashaikh, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. [In Persian]
-Callaghan, W.(2006).Archaeology and Art History in Media and Persia (G. Asadbakhtiari, Trans.). Tehran: Pazina. [In Persian]
-Chandler, D.(2008).Foundations of Semiotics (M. Parsa, Trans.). Tehran: Research Center for Culture & Art. [In Persian]
-Chevalier, J.(1998 & 2006).Dictionary of Symbols (S. Fazayeli, Trans.), Vols. 2 & 4. Tehran: Jeyhun. [In Persian]
-Dadvar, A.(2006).Introduction to Iranian and Indian myths and symbols in antiquity. Tehran: Alzahra University. [In Persian]
-Dandamayev, M.(2007).Iran in the Early Achaemenid Period (R. Arbab, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. [In Persian]
-Daryaee, T.(2019).The Institution of Kingship in Iran (M. Babaei, Trans.). Tehran: Abi-e-Persi. [In Persian]
-Diakonoff, I. M.(2000).History of Media (K. Keshavarz, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
-Donmez, S., & Iravani Ghadim, F.(2007).Fire rituals in Cappadocia. Payam-e Bāstānshenās, 7. Abhar: Islamic Azad University. [In Persian]
-Fazeli, M. T., & Mohed, A.(2016).Reflection of mythical symbols in Achaemenid art. Iranian Islamic History Journal, 3(1), 5.
-Ferdowsi, A.(2025).Shahnameh (J. Khaleghi Motlagh, Ed.). Tehran: Sokhan. Vols. 1–4. [In Persian]
-Grayson, M., & Taplin, C.(2020).Power, Kingship, and Political Thought in the Achaemenid Empire (A. A. Salheshour, Trans.). Tehran: Aryarmena. [In Persian]
-Hall, J.(2001).Dictionary of Iconographic Symbols in Eastern and Western Art (R. Behzadi, Trans.). Tehran: Contemporary Culture. [In Persian]
-Herodotus.(1961).The Histories (H. Hedayati, Trans.). Tehran: Amir Kabir.
-Hintz, W.(2004).The Lost World of Elam (F. Firouz, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. [In Persian]
-Kleiss, Wolfram(2006).Bisotun, trans. Faramarz Najd-Samiei, Tehran: Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization. [In Persian]
-Koch, H.(1997).From the Words of Darius (P. Rajabi, Trans.). Tehran: Karang. [In Persian]
-Koch, H.(2000).Achaemenid Studies (A. Shalchi, Trans.). Tehran: Atiyeh. [In Persian]
-Koch, H.(2003).Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran (N. Miri, Trans.). Bastan Pazhouhi, 11(6). [In Persian]
-Kort, A.(2006).Achaemenids (M. Thaqibfar, Trans.), Vol. 4. Tehran: Ghoghnoos.
-Lecoq, Pierre(2010).The Achaemenid Inscriptions, trans. Nazila Khalkhali, Tehran: Farzan-e Ruz. [In Persian]
-Malkzadeh-Biani, M.(2010).History of Coins from Ancient Times to the Sassanian Period. Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
-Mobini, M., & Dadvar, A.(2011).Reflection of legitimacy and authority in the reliefs of Darius I’s tomb. Tehran: University of Art, Visual & Applied Arts Letter, 4(8). [In Persian]
-Mojtabaei, F.(1973).The Beautiful City of Plato and the Ideal City in Ancient Iran. Tehran: Iranian Cultural Association. [In Persian]
-Omestd, A. T.(2000).History of the Achaemenid Empire (M. Moghaddam, Trans.). Tehran: Amir Kabir. [In Persian]
-Piotrovsky, B. B.(2004).Urartian Civilization (H. Khatib Shahidi, Trans.). Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization.
-Pourdavoud, E.(1998).Yashts. Tehran: Asatir. [In Persian]
-Prada, I., & Dyson, R.(2004).Ancient Iranian Art (Y. Majidzadeh, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
-Roff, M.(2004).Reliefs and Sculptors of Persepolis (H. Ghiyasi Nejad, Trans.). Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization. [In Persian]
-Rollinger, R.(2020).Royal strategies and the language of power: Considerations on audiences and the dissemination of Achaemenid royal inscriptions (in Power, kingship, and political thought in the Achaemenid Empire, A. A. Salheshour, Trans.). Tehran: Aryarmena.
-Rout, M. C.(2018).King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art (A. Bahadri, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran & Shahid Beheshti University.
-Sajjadi, F.(2008).Applied Semiotics. Tehran: Elm. [In Persian]
-Sami, A.(1951).Pasargadae: The Oldest Capital of the Persian Empire (S. Nafisi, Intro.). Shiraz: Mostofi. [In Persian]
-Sami, A.(1962).Achaemenid Civilization. Shiraz: Mousavi. [In Persian]
-Sami, A.(1969).Persepolis. Shiraz: Mousavi. [In Persian]
-Sangari, E.(2015).The formation of the first foundations of globalization in the Achaemenid era: A religious approach. New Historical Studies, 7(1), 25.
-Sarrafzadeh, R., et al.(2019).Power relations in the body of the Achaemenid king: Mythical perspectives. Parsa Archaeological Studies, 9(3).
-Schmitt, E.(2021).Persepolis (A. Faryar, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi. [In Persian]
-Shahbazi, A.Sh.(2009).Pasargadae. Shiraz: Fars Studies Foundation.
-Shahbazi, A.Sh.(2012).An essay on an Achaemenid symbol (S. Jalilian, Trans.). Tehran: Shirazeh. [In Persian]
-Shahbazi, A.Sh.(1976 / 2535 Shahanshahi). Illustrated Description of Persepolis, Shiraz: Bandad-e Tahqiqat-e Hakhamaneshi. [In Persian]
-Soleimanzadeh, A.(2021).Political thought in Achaemenid inscriptions DNb and its comparison with Plato and Aristotle. Iranian Historical Studies Journal, 15(28).
-Strabo.(2003).Geography (H. San’ati Zadeh, Trans.). Tehran: Afshar Endowments. [In Persian]
-Stronach, D.(2000).Pasargadae (H. Khatib Shahidi, Trans.). Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization. [In Persian]
-Tafazzoli, A.(2024).Minu-ye Kherad. Tehran: Tous. [In Persian]
-Vandenberg, L.(1966).Archaeology of Ancient Iran (I. Behnam, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
-Verham, M.(1971).A Study on the Seal of Darius. Tehran: Historical Studies Journal, 6(4).
-Wieshofer, J.(1999).Ancient Iran (M. Thaqibfar, Trans.). Tehran: Ghoghnoos. [In Persian]
-Xenophon.(1971).The Education of Cyrus (V. Mazandarani, Trans.). Tehran: Pocket Books Co. [In Persian]
-Yahaghi, M. J.(1990).Dictionary of Myths and Literary References in Persian Literature. Tehran: Soroush. [In Persian]
-Zamiran, M.(1999).Michel Foucault: Power and Knowledge. Tehran: Hermes. [In Persian]
-Abdi, Kamyar(2010).The Passing of the Throne from Xerxes to Artaxerxes I, or how an archaeological observation can be a potential contribution to Achaemenid historiography, in: -Curtis J. & Simpson J.(eds.),The World of Achaemenid Persia (history, art and society in Iran and the ancient near east).I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London: 275-284.
-Alvarez-Mon, J.(2010).The Arjan tomb: At the crossroads of the Elamite and Persian empires. Brill.
-Bahrani, Zainab.-A(2003).The Graven Image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
-Bahrani, Zainab.-B(2003).Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. Routledge.
-Baudrillard, Jean.(1996).Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. S. F. Glaser. University of Michigan Press.
-Bivar, A. D. H.(2005).“Mithraism: A Religion for the Ancient Medes.” Iranica Antiqua, XL: 341–358.
-Black, Jeremy, and Green, Anthony.(1992).Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. London: British Museum Press.
-Boyce, Mary.(1979).Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
-Boyce, Mary.(1982).A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II: Under the Achaemenians. Leiden: Brill.
-Briant, Pierre.(2002).From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Trans. Peter T. Daniels. University Park: Penn State Press.
-Canepa, Matthew P.(2018).The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE. University of California Press.
-Curtis, J., and Simpson, J. (Eds.).(2005).The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East. London: I.B. Tauris.
-Curtis, J., and Tallis, N. (Eds.).(2005).Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. London: British Museum Press.
-Garrison, M. B.(2011).The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Oxford University Press.
-Garrison, M. B., & Root, M. C.(2001).Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Volume I: Images of Heroic Encounter. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
-Garrison, M., & Root, M. C.(2001).“Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.” In: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
-Goblet d'Alviella, Eugène.(1894).The Migration of Symbols. London: A. Constable and Co.
-Held, James.-A(1987).“The King as a Symbol: Royal Ideology in the Ancient Near East.” In: Essays in Honor of William W. Hallo, pp. 21–35.
-Held, Julius S.-B(1987).“The Ideal of Kingship in Ancient Persia.” Journal of Aesthetic Education, 21(4): 17–29.
-Herzfeld, Ernst.(1941).Iran in the Ancient East. London.
-Hintze, Almut.(2007).A Zoroastrian Liturgy: The Worship in Seven Chapters (Yasna 35–41). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
-Jacobs, Bruno.(2021).“Heavenly Signs and Royal Legitimation in Achaemenid Visual Culture.” In: A Companion to the Achaemenid Empire, eds. B. Jacobs & R. Rollinger. Wiley-Blackwell.
-Jones, Lindsay.(2005).Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. 9 (2nd ed). Detroit: Thomson Gale.
-Kantor, H. J.(1957). “Achaemenid Jewelry in the Oriental Institute.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 16(1): 1–23.
-Kaptan, Deniz.(2003).“A Glance at Northwestern Asia Minor during Achaemenid Period.” In: Henkelman, W. & Kuhrt, A.(eds), A Persian Perspective: Essays in Memory of Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg. Achaemenid History XIII, Leiden: 189–202.
-Kent, R. G.(1953).Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon (2nd rev. ed.). New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
-Le Cercle, Jean-Jacques.(1997). De l’Université considérée comme un crime organisé. Paris.
-Lincoln, Bruce.-A(1981).Myth, Cosmos, and Society: Indo-European Themes of Creation and Destruction. Harvard University Press.
-Lincoln, Bruce.-B(2007).Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib. University of Chicago Press.
-Lobban, Richard.(2003).Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
-MacKenzie, Donald A.(1915).Myths of Babylonia and Assyria. Glasgow: The Gresham Publishing Company.
-Miller, Margaret C.(2012)."The Face of Kingship: Achaemenid Iconography and the Political Imagination." Ars Orientalis, 42, 55–72.
-Moorey, P. R. S.(1978).“The Iconography of an Achaemenid Stamp-Seal Acquired in Lebanon.” Iran, 16, 143–148.
-Root, C. M.(1999).“The Cylinder Seal from Pasargadae: Of Wings and Wheels, Date and Fate.” Iranica Antiqua, XXXIV, 157–190.
-Root, M. C.(1979).The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art: Essays on the Creation of an Iconography of Empire. Leiden: Brill.
-Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen.(1994)."Off the Map: A Note on the Margins of the Achaemenid Empire." In Achaemenid History VIII, pp. 17–29.
-Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen.(1994).“The Personality of the Persian King.” In Amélie
-Saussure, F. D.(1978).Cours de Linguistique Générale. Paris: Payot.
-Schmidt, Erich F.(1953).Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Schmidt, Erich F.(1957).Persepolis II: Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Schmidt, Erich F.(1970).Persepolis III: The Royal Tombs and Other Monuments. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Schmidt, R.(1990).“Bistun III: Darius’s Inscription.” Encyclopedia Iranica, Vol. 4. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 Oct 2013.
-Segal, B.(1956).Art Bulletin, XXXVIII.
-Soudavar, A.(2003).The Aura of Kings: Legitimacy and Divine Sanction in Iranian Kingship. California: Mazda Publishers.
-Stronach, D.(1990).The Achaemenid Empire: The Persian Empire from Cyrus to Alexander. British Museum Press.
-West, M.(2002).“Darius’ Ascent to Paradise.” Indo-Iranian Journal, 45, 51–57.
-Wiggermann, F. A. M.(1992).Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts. Groningen: STYX Publications.
References (Image Sources)
-The British Museum. (n.d.). Accession ritual in ancient Persia [Relief image]. The British Museum Collection. https://www.britishmuseum.org/
-The British Museum. (n.d.). Coin of Darius I (daric) [Gold coin]. The British Museum Collection. https://www.britishmuseum.org/
-The British Museum. (n.d.). Persepolis reliefs [Architectural relief images]. The British Museum Collection. https://www.britishmuseum.org/
-University of Michigan. (n.d.). Achaemenid iconography archive [Digital image archive]. Department of Classical Studies. https://lsa.umich.edu/
-University of Michigan. (n.d.). Persepolis relief archive [Photographic archive]. Department of Classical Studies. https://lsa.umich.edu/
-University of Oxford. (n.d.). Behistun inscription and royal symbolism [Rock relief images]. Oxford Institute of Archaeology. https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/
-University of Oxford. (n.d.). Tomb of Darius I at Naqsh-e Rustam [Rock-cut tomb relief]. Oxford Institute of Archaeology. https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/
-Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Relief from Persepolis, National Museum of Iran [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/