نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی و مدیر پژوهشکدۀ گردشگری، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران
2 استاد گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 دانشآموختۀ دکتری تاریخ ایران اسلامی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.
چکیده
از دورۀ ناصری تا اواسط حکومت پهلوی دوم خیابان لالهزار یکی از کانونهای اصلی تجددگرایی در شهر تهران بود. تعداد قابل توجهی از سالنهای تئاتر و سینما و کافهها و دفاتر برخی از مطبوعات آن دوره در این خیابان قرار داشتند. نکتۀ مهم این است که اطلاعات ما دربارۀ بسیاری از این موارد محدود و غیردقیق است. بهعنوان نمونه میتوانیم به پیشینۀ پژوهش در مورد تئاترهای لالهزار اشاره کنیم. این تئاترها از اواخر دورۀ قاجار تا زمان وقوع انقلاب اسلامی از مهمترین مراکز نمایشی شهر تهران بودهاند. با اینحال پژوهشهای کافی و روشنگر دربارۀ وضعیت این تئاترها در بخش قابل توجهی از این دوره در دست نیست. ما در مقالهای به بررسی وضعیت تئاترهای لالهزار از سال 1288 شمسی (زمان نخستین اجرا در طبقۀ فوقانی مطبعۀ فاروس) تا سال 1320 شمسی پرداختهایم. در این پژوهش به دنبال توضیح وضعیت تئاترهای لالهزار در فاصلۀ سالهای 1320 تا سال 1357 شمسی هستیم. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش این است که چه عواملی در فراز و فرود تئاترهای لالهزار در فاصلۀ زمانی میان سالهای 1320 تا 1357 شمسی مؤثر بودهاند؟ برای گردآوری اطلاعات از روش کتابخانهای بهره بردهایم. یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در پی گسترش آزادیهای سیاسی و اجتماعی پس از شهریور 1320 تمایل به اجرای تئاتر فزونی گرفت و گروههای گوناگون تئاتر شروع به کار کردند. در این دوره اجراهای گروه نوشین در تئاترهای فرهنگ و فردوسی سبب افزایش سطح کیفی سایر تئاترها شد. پس از کودتای 28 مرداد و در جریان بازداشت افراد وابسته به جبهۀ ملی و حزب توده، تعدادی از هنرمندان تئاتر نیز بازداشت شدند. با این حال تئاترهای لالهزار دچار مشکل جدی نشدند و به کار خود ادامه دادند. البته استقبال مردم از سینما در دهۀ 1330 سبب شد که تئاترهای لالهزار دچار مشکل اقتصادی شوند و از سال 1335 به اجرای آتراکسیون روی بیاورند. ضمناً در نتیجۀ توسعۀ جغرافیایی شهر تهران از اواسط دهۀ 1330 به تدریج افراد ثروتمند و اعضای طبقۀ متوسط به جای تئاترهای لالهزار به مراکز تفریحی دیگری روی آوردند و فرودستان مراجعان اصلی این تئاترها شدند. سرانجام در دورۀ وقوع انقلاب اسلامی تغییراتی جدی در وضعیت تئاترهای لالهزار پدید آمد.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
Extended Abstract:
The ups and downs of the theaters of Laleh-zar street (1941-1979)
Introduction
LalehZar Street has been one of the main centers of modernism in Tehran, but up to now a few attention has been paid to its role in the cultural history of contemporary Iran. As an example, we can point to a serious flaw in the research background of LalehZar theaters.
Examining the published research articles, it can be said that the historical process of performing theater in LalehZar theaters has been studied in only one research article. The title of this article is "Transformation of the Concept of Theater in LalehZar Street as a Spectacle of Iranian Modernity" (Habibian and Rahmanpour 2015). In addition, the following books provide explanations about LalehZar theaters: Tehran theaters from 1868 to 2010 (Habibian and Aghahosseini 1389), cultivating public taste in the Pahlavi era (Gholipour 1397), A survey of the history of Iranian theater (Oskooi 1378), Unsuccessful Attempts (A survey of a century of Iranian theater) (Gouran, 2001) and Tehran theaters (Sheikhi 1396). In none of these works there is a detailed explanation of the main reason for the dominance of attraction in the LalehZar theaters in the second half of the 1950s and also the general change of class status of spectators of LalehZar theaters in the 1960s. In this study, a more detailed explanation of the situation of LalehZar theaters between 1941 and 1956 is presented and an attempt is made to explain the important changes of LalehZar theaters from the mid-1950s until the Islamic Revolution.
Method of data collection
We have used the library method to collect information. For this purpose, we have relied on the published memoirs of a number of artists active in LalehZar theaters between 1941 and 1979. We also checked out some of newspapers and journals published in that period and tried to find information about LalehZar theaters in them. However, after spending considerable time, we came to the conclusion that the amount of useful information on this subject in the newspapers and journals published in that period is very little. Therefore, most of the contents of this article are based on the contents mentioned in the memoirs of the artists present in the LalehZar theaters in that period.
Research Findings
With the fall of Reza Shah's government in 1941, the peak period of theater performance in LalehZar started. In the relatively open space of 1940, the desire to perform theater increased and various theater groups began to work. During this period, the performances of Nooshin group in Farhang and Ferdowsi theaters increased the quality level of the theater in that period.
From the middle of the 1950s, the LalehZar theaters started performing attraction in the theater. Then, in the 1960s, the class status of spectators of LalehZar theaters changed, and from that time until 1978, some of the members of the lower class were the main spectators of LalehZar theaters. Then, during the events related to the Islamic Revolution, as a result of the anger of the revolutionary people against the prevailing cultural situation in LalehZar in the last years of the Pahlavi regime, some of LalehZar theaters were set on fire.
Discussion and conclusion
Some writers have considered the political developments after the coup 1953 as the main factor in the domination of the attraction over the programs of LalehZar theaters in the second half of the 1950s. In this study, it was shown that the performance of attraction in the LalehZar theaters had primarily an economic factor. It was also explained that as a result of the geographical development of Tehran from the mid-1950s, wealthy people and middle-class members gradually turned to other entertainment centers instead of LalehZar theaters, and so some of the members of the lower class became the main spectators of these theaters. During the events related to the Islamic Revolution, the situation changed. Some LalehZar theaters were set on fire during these events. The situation of LalehZar theaters in the years after the revolution is an important issue and needs special attention of researchers.