نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فاطمه یوسفوند ¹
• سهم الدین خزائی ²
• محسن رحمتی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

² استادیار تاریخ ایران باستان، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

³ استاد گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

چکیده

یورش تیمور، تخریب اراضی، ویرانی شبکه های آبیاری، افزایش اراضی بایر و رکود نسبی در وضعیت کشاورزی را درپی داشت. اما پس از تثبیت حکومت، تیموریان با انجام اصلاحاتی بر آن بودند تا ویرانی ها را جبران کرده و در زمینه رفاه حال کشاورزان اقداماتی انجام دهند. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با تکیه بر داده­های موجود در منابع، این مسئله را مورد توجه قرار دهد که وضعیت کشاوران تا چه اندازه از تحولات سیاسی عصر حاکمان تیموری تأثیر پذیرفته است؟ دستاوردهای پژوهش نشان می­دهد که سلاطین تیموری برای رفاه حال کشاورزان، که همواره مهمترین تأمین کننده مواد غذایی و درآمد حکومت بودند، اقداماتی در حمایت از آنها انجام می­دادند، اما این اقدامات یا کافی نبود و یا شرایط برای حاکمان به گونه­ای پیش می­رفت که سبب می­شد تا همه قوانین و دستورات صادره را نادیده بگیرند تا چند صباحی بیشتر بر اریکه قدرت بمانند. درواقع اجرای عدالت در حق کشاورزان تنها مربوط به زمانی بود که اوضاع آرام بود و حاکمان مقتدرانه در رأس امور قرار داشتند، اما به محض اینکه اوضاع کشور بحرانی می­شد، حاکمان تیموری همه قوانین و دستورات صادره را فراموش کرده و با اخذ مالیات­های غیرمتعارف و تحمیلات گوناگون زندگی را بر کشاورزان سخت می­کردند. از نتایج سوء این مالیات­های سنگین و بدون حساب، شورش، فرار و مهاجرت کشاورزان بود و زوال کشاورزی در این دوره خود گواه اوضاع بد کشاورزان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تیموریان
• کشاورزان
• سیاست دوگانه
• عدالت
• ظلم

موضوعات

• تاریخ اجتماعی

Extended Abstract

Timurid dual policy in relation with farmers

In the land of Iran, where the economy and livelihood have always relied on agriculture, the rulers have tried to side with this economic pole of society and have always issued orders to respect the well-being of farmers and ensure their welfare. Before the Timurids, the Mongol Ilkhans ruled in Iran. The structure of their government was tribal. These tribes were hostile to the monogamous people, especially the peasants, who entered their houses and looted them. The nomads usurped the farmers' lands to feed their livestock and turned them into pastures. On the way to summer and winter, they left their livestock on the farmers' fields and trampled them. Gradually, the Ilkhans realized that without the existence of farmers, it would not be possible to provide for other groups of society. Therefore, they decided to reduce the pressure on farmers and take measures to improve their well-being. But these reforms did not last and the farmers were not in a very favorable situation during this period.

 In the Timurid period, in addition to the nomads, the ruling power relied on the monogamous Iranians, especially the scribes and clerics, and granted privileges to the peasants. But their concessions sometimes remained mere slogans and did not materialize, as nomadic customs and nomadic battles continued to prevail during this period, which in turn caused various tax pressures on farmers. Therefore, whenever their sovereignty was in danger, they would inevitably give up everything they had chanted and their sovereignty at all costs would be their first priority.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to use the descriptive-analytical method and based on the available data, to consider the issue of how much the situation of farmers has been affected by the political developments of the Timurid rulers? The hypothesis is that the Timurid rulers in the normal and critical conditions of the country with double treatment of farmers ultimately failed to provide good conditions for farmers and their well-being and the situation of farmers has always been influenced by the political situation in the Timurid court.

Several researches have been done on the economic situation of the Timurid era. Fragner examines the internal social and economic situation of the Timurids. Amir Teymour Rafiei has dealt with "a look at the economic situation of Greater Khorasan during the Timurid era". Mohsen Rahmati and Fatemeh Yousefvand have studied "Sultan Hussein Bayqara and the Economic Life of Khorasan". Mohsen Rahmati has also dealt with "the economic situation of Khorasan during the reign of Sultan Abu Saeid Gourkan" and "economic reforms of Sultan Abu Saeid Gourkan in Khorasan and its consequences". Shahram Farahnaki and others have also "studied the agricultural situation of Khorasan and Transoxiana during the Timurid period."

The present studies have either examined the economic situation of Iran in the Timurid period in general or only the economic situation of Khorasan province in the Timurid period and have devoted a section to the study of the agricultural situation. The only article by Farahnaki et al. That specifically examines the agricultural situation during the Timurid period, and this article also covers only two states of the Timurid realm. So, no independent study has been conducted on the diversity of Timurid rulers' policies in dealing with farmers. Therefore, the present study aimed to show the economic and social position of farmers in the relationship between them and the Timurid system by examining the type of treatment of Timurid rulers with farmers in different situations.

In the first part of the article, the situation of farmers before coming to power of the Timurids is discussed, and in the second part, the actions taken by the Timurid rulers in support of the farmers are discussed. In the third part, the critical political situation of the Timurid rulers and the actions they took against the farmers are examined, and finally the result of the article is that the Timurids tried to improve the situation of the farmers and take measures to support them. But these actions and support were limited to peace in Timurid territory. In times of crisis, they have disregarded all existing orders and laws in order to gain power in succession competitions and disputes within the family, to fill empty coffers, to keep subordinates and agents satisfied, and to take revenge on rivals and insurgents in various regions. Farmers' rights were violated. Thus, at the end of the Timurid period, farmers were no better off than in the period of chaos before the Timurids came to power.