نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته دکتری و پژوهشگر تاریخ ایران، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشیار پژوهشکده تاریخ پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
مسالۀ مقاله حاضر بررسی واژگانی است که می‌توانند در تحریرهای فارسی باستان کتیبه‌های هخامنشی بر مفهوم اجتماعی-سیاسی «مردم» اطلاق شوند و با توجه به شواهد معادل کل این مفهوم و یا بخشی از آن در نظر گرفته شوند. پژوهش پیشِ رو با رویکرد تاریخ مفهومی مبتنی بر تحلیل زبان‌شناختی کتیبه‌های فارسی باستان کوشیده است این واژگان و نسبت آنها با مفهوم «مردم»، به عنوان کنشگرانی اجتماعی-سیاسی، را از منظر کارکردها و معناهای اجتماعی و سیاسی بررسی کند. ازاین‌رو، به دنبال پاسخی برای این پرسش است که واژگان معادل یا رسانندة مفهوم مردم در تحریرهای فارسی باستان این کتیبه‌ها کدامند و چگونه می‌توان کارکرد و معنای اجتماعی آنها را در بافت سیاسی تبیین کرد؟ در پاسخ این فرض مطرح می‌شود که هر کدام از ستاک‌های martiya-، zana-، bandaka- وkāra- بازتاب‌دهندة بخشی از مفهوم اجتماعی ـ سیاسی «مردم» در کتیبه‌های فارسی باستان هستند. یافته‌های پژوهش کارکرد و معنای هر یک از چهار ستاک ذکرشده را به عنوان «مرد»، «سرباز»، «اتباع و پیروان حکومت»، «باشندگان سرزمین»، و «مردم/ سپاه» در متن فارسی باستان کتیبه‌های هخامنشی بررسی و تبیین کرده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Extended Abstract
A Study of the Function and Meaning of the Four Words Transmitter the Socio-Political Concept of "People" in Old Persian Inscriptions
Old Persian was the language of the ancient Persian people and one of the three all-encompassing languages that are included in Achaemenid Royal inscriptions. This article aims to study words from this language that refer to the socio-political concept of "people" in Achaemenid inscriptions and are equivalent to all or part of this concept. The study of these inscriptions opens the way to the question of what is the equivalent or conveying words of the concept of people in the Old Persian version of these inscriptions and how can their function and social meaning be explained? It seems that martiya-, zana-, bandaka- and kāra- are stems that reflect part of the socio-political concept of "people" in old Persian.
Despite the few surviving words from Old Persian, understanding the concept and distinction of these words plays an important role in understanding historical concepts. For this reason, in this article, by adopting an approach based on conceptual history, linguistic analysis of several words from Achaemenid inscriptions has been used to understand the concept of "people". Since "people" is the main subject and the most central concept in social history, understanding the linguistic origins of the concept of "people" and its relationship with social and political relations is one of the most essential components of understanding this fundamental concept. It should be noted that in this study, the people are inhabitants of a land or territory consisting of several lands that are united under one government and have social and political action.
The socio-political concept of bandaka- has been studied in the Old and Middle Persian periods by Pierre Briant (Briant, 1996: 336-7) and Maria Macuch (Macuch, 1988: 764). Both researchers have concluded that this word and its middle Persian equivalent, bandag, can be studied in the sense of subject and subordinate. Rüdiger Schmitt (Schmitt, 2014: 201) also points to the possibility of kāra- similarities with Männerbund. Thus, he drew the attention of scholars to the non-Iranian and pre-Achaemenid backgrounds studied by Wikander (1938) and Widengren (Widengren, 1969: 9-44), which was followed by Daryaee until the Islamic period (Daryaee, 2018). Schmitt (Schmitt, 2014: 294) and Kent (Kent, 1953: 196, 208, 211) have also studied the linguistic presence of zana- in Old Persian compositions. Parsa Daneshmand (Daneshmand, 2015: 330) and Matthew Stolper (Stolper, 1984: 299, 303) have also paid attention to the use and borrowing of the Old Persian form of this word in the Persepolis fortification tablets were written the Elamite, and Akkadian, languages.
In Persian, the word mardōm, which in Middle and New Persian means "man or human", is used to express the meaning of people. Today, mardōm has the same meaning as demos or populus, but from a socio-political point of view, mardōm has a different meaning from these words. The etymology of mardōm, from the root meaning to die, indicates that this word, unlike the Greek and Latin equivalents which have a worldly and socio-political meaning, has essentially a moral-religious connotation. the ancient form of this word is not mentioned In Achaemenid inscriptions, but equivalent words have been used to describe the socio-political features related to the concept of people.
The findings of this study indicate that martiya-, zana-, bandaka- and kāra- reflect part of the socio-political concept of "people" in the Old Persian and correspond to different functions and meanings such as "man", "soldier", "subject, and followers of the government", "inhabitants of the land", and "people/army".
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