نوع مقاله : ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی زن د رهنر و جامعه ایران و جهان باستان پیرامون آن(سردبیر مهمان ویژه نامه: دکتر اسماعیل سنگاری)

نویسندگان

• محمد بهرامی ¹
• شهناز حجتی نجف آبادی ²

¹ کارشناسی ارشد ایرانشناسی، دانشگاه میبد ، یزد، ایران.

² استادیار گروه ایران شناسی دانشگاه میبد. یزد. ایران

چکیده

    بعد از فروپاشی هخامنشیان، با ورود اسکندر به ایران و سپس تاسیس سلسله سلوکی، شهرسازی و سیاست اسکان یونانیان مهاجر در ایران از سوی اسکندر و سلوکیان در راستای تحقق اهداف سیاسی آنها، عملی گردید. حضور یونانیان در ایران البته با پشتوانه حکومت خودی باعث تحولاتی در جنبه­های مختلف فرهنگی ایران گردید. می­توان انگاشت نقش و جایگاه زنان در جامعه ایران نیز از فرهنگ یونانی متاثر گردید. با در نظر گرفتن این موضوع، مساله این پژوهش بدین­گونه مطرح می­شود؛ رواج فرهنگ یونانی چه تاثیری بر نقش و جایگاه زنان ایرانی در دوران سلوکی و اشکانی داشته است؟ یافته­های این تحقیق نشان می­دهد زنان در فرهنگ یونانی عصر هلنی نسبت به ادوار پیش ترفیع مقام یافته بودند بر این اساس رواج فرهنگ یونانی در جامعۀ ایران پساهخامنشی، تاثیر مثبتی بر نقش و جایگاه زنان داشته است. گزارشهایی در برخی متون مورخان کهن و آثار مکشوفه از کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی در قلمرو دو دولت سلوکی و اشکانی بیشترین اطلاعات موجود را از وضعیت زنان به ویژه لایه های اشراف و درباری، در اختیار قرار می­دهند. از اطلاعات چنین منابعی می­توان استنباط کرد که زنان در این دوره حضوری کاملاً فعال و بارز در عرصه‌های مختلف سیاسی-اجتماعی دارند. حضور آنان در فعالیت­های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و مذهبی و یا هنری، با پیدا شدن پیکرک­های و مهرها و اثر مهرها و دیگر آثار در مناطق مختلف و به استناد داده های متون برخی مورخان باستانی، کاملاً بیانگر این است که نقش و موقعیت زنان در دوران اشکانی و سلوکی نه‌ تنها افولی نداشته است بلکه تحت تأثیر فرهنگ یونانی پیشرفت­های فراوانی نیز داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• نقش و جایگاه زنان درباری
• فرهنگ یونانی
• سلوکیان
• اشکانیان
• ایران

موضوعات

• ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی زن د رهنر و جامعه ایران و جهان باستان پیرامون آن

Extended Abstract

The impact of Greek culture on the status and position of court women in Seleucid and Parthian period in Iran

The military and political dominance of Alexander and the Greeks in a period of the ancient history of Iran (from 331 BC to 141 BC, the year Seleucia was captured by Mehrdad I Parthian) caused some developments such as urban development, the transfer of a significant population of Greeks and Macedonians to Iran, and settlement They were in the cities of Iran. Seleucids, like Alexander the Macedonian in order to achieve their main goals, which is to facilitate and stabilize their government, started the policy of urban development and then the policy of settling Greeks in newly built cities. The coexistence between Iranians and Greeks, naturally led to cultural mixing or the influence of two cultures, so that the signs and symptoms of this cultural interaction can be seen in various topics and areas, such as social areas in general while the women’s role and status were examined in detail.

As we know, women in Greek society and culture have not had the same status and dignity in different historical periods. The review of literary and historical sources related to the ages before the Hellenic era (=classical era) in Greece shows that in this era, women did not have a significant role in the society compared to men. It can be concluded that this inferior position of women compared to men in the Greek society, was caused by the negative attitudes of the culture of society. With a little reflection on the words and the way men treated women in the literary and historical works of this period (pre-Hellenic or classical era), we can come to the conclusion that women are generally introduced as actors of three roles; Actors of lust parties, plotters and causers of wars. However, in the Hellenic period, the role and position of women underwent significant changes when the Greek city-states gained independence and achieved improvements in economic status and social and legal conditions. During the Hellenistic period, Greece witnessed a wide experience, new horizons and outstanding achievements in the fields of art, science and even the growth of a significant number of social institutions. In this period, the taste for understanding the truth of everything increased and unprecedented realism began. In this situation, not only men but also women, whose positions in society, art and literature had undergone significant changes, were promoted, and this was considered one of the most remarkable developments in this period. In this period, as in the Greek monarchy, men did not have high advantages over women, while in the Hellenistic period, the gap between women's and men's rights was greatly reduced. As a result of these changes, the attitude towards the status of women changed. The emergence of Greek queens both in Greece, Macedonia, and in Egypt under the rule of Batalesa as a political and social phenomenon has been witnessed, which itself indicates the improvement of women’s status. In this period, women of the elite class could have a prominent role in public religious affairs and private religious rituals, unlike the previous period. Following this situation, the improvement of the role and position of women in the society under Seleucid rule is obvious. The documents obtained from the Seleucid period indicate the privileged position of women and their involvement in political and economic affairs and their prominent presence in the artworks of this period; the surviving documents and some data from historical texts show that the Seleucid queens were involved in political affairs. In the Parthian period, according to the data and information of some ancient historical texts, as well as the findings of archaeologists in the form of coins, seals, inscriptions, parchments and other documents, we come to the conclusion that the culture of the dominant people or the culture of Hellenism, left its effects in different fields. These cultural influences can be seen in the promotion of the role and status of Parthian court women. Mentioning the names of Parthian queens next to the names of Parthian emperors in official documents, the influence of queens on the decisions and policies of government officials, which can be seen in Queen Moza, the presence and companionship of court women with Parthian emperors in their travels and campaigns, and finally women's marriages. The Parthian court with the kings of the independent and semi-independent states around their territory are a sign of the promotion of the role and status of court women in this period. Due to the fact that the Parthians considered these political alliances and marriages for specific purposes such as consolidating relations or consolidating and maintaining their sovereignty in the neighboring states; however, in the meantime, the importance of court women and their role in realizing the political goals of the Parthians is found out. In addition to the mentioned cases, in this period we also see the presence of court women in various artistic forms. Based on all these data, it can be concluded that women have an active and prominent presence in various socio-political fields during this period. The data of the mentioned sources clearly show that the role and position of women in the Parthian and Seleucid periods did not decline compared to the previous periods, but also made significant progress under the influence of Hellenism.

The question of the present research is posed as follows; after the collapse of the Achaemenid government in Iranian society, what effect has the all-round presence of Greeks had on the position and dignity of women in the Iranian social system? And the hypothesis of the present research is proposed as follows: according to the view and attitude of the Greeks towards women, it seems that the women’s role and position in the Seleucid and Parthian periods were influenced by Greek culture and the presence of women compared to previous periods in the arenas. There has been a considerable growth in different parts of the society, while there was no prohibition or denial in showing the role of women in the works of art of this period.