نوع مقاله : ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی زن د رهنر و جامعه ایران و جهان باستان پیرامون آن(سردبیر مهمان ویژه نامه: دکتر اسماعیل سنگاری)

نویسنده

• حمید کاویانی پویا

دانشیار گروه تاریخ ، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

چکیده

در ساختار نظام مادرتباری، زنان به عنوان قشر مهمی از جامعه مطرح شده و سرمنشاء زندگی،زایندگی و برکت شناخته می شدند. حال با توجه به دگرگونیهای پیشامده در نظام اجتماعی و سیاسی ایرانیان و برخورداری جوامع ایرانی از نظام پدرتباری در روزگار مادها تا افول قدرت ساسانی، از مسائل مطرح این است که زنان به به‌سبب ویژگی بهره مندی از قدرت باروری چه جایگاهی در جامعة ایرانی داشته و در کل رویکرد متون دینی(اوستایی و پهلوی) و جامعة مدنی که از طریق اسناد تاریخی برملا می گردد به مقولة ازدواج(پیوند زناشویی) و به ویژه فرزند آوری چگونه بوده است. همچنین در جامعة ایرانی(عصرهخامنشی و ساسانی) بارداری زنان و دارا بودن فرزند چه اهمیت و اعتباری داشته و آیا می توان برای مادران و زنانِ باردار نقشی در اقتصاد جامعه و معیشت خانواده قائل گردید و در این صورت چه تمهیداتی در بهبود حال مادران شاغل انجام گرفته بود. بر این مبنا با بهره بری از روش کتابخانه ای و واکاوی متون تاریخی و دینی و همچنین از طریق مطالعه الواح و گل نبشته های تخت جمشید و با تحلیل اطلاعات مستخرج از منابع و استنادات، این نتایج حاصل آمد که به سبب اهمیت نظام خانواده در جامعة دینی و مدنی ایرانیان باستان، ازدواج امری مهم تلقی شده که سبب زایش و کثرت جمعیتِ خانواده و جامعه گردیده و بدین ترتیب داشتن اولاد از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار بود. زیرا افزون بر اینکه موجب تداوم نسل ایرانیان (اهورایی) می شد و بدینگونه در کسب ثواب و کرفة والدین در جهان اخروی تاثیر گذار بود، در افزایش روزافزون قدرت و توانایی(اقتصادی و نظامی) ایرانیان موثر واقع می گردید. همچنین آنگونه که شواهد و مدارک گواهی می دهند مادران و البته زنان باردار در اقتصاد خانواده دخیل بوده و در کنار فرزندان سبب ایجاد رفاه در خانواده و جامعه می گردیدند. بدین روی و به دلایل مذکور در ایران باستان در ارائة خدمات و تسهیلات به مادران باردار و شاغل شاهد اقداماتی هستیم. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مادران
• ایران باستان
• زنان باردار
• ازدواج
• فرزندآوری

موضوعات

• ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی زن د رهنر و جامعه ایران و جهان باستان پیرامون آن

Extended Abstract

 The position of pregnant women and the importance of childbearing in Zoroastrian/Mazdayasn texts and ancient Iranian society

Introduction: In the ancient era and in the ancient civilizations, women were responsible for economic and social duties alongside men, and according to the attitude towards women and of course the stage that the first societies and then civilizations enjoyed (the early commune until the later periods with division of labor and different social classes) could play a role in the context of family and society. In ancient Iran, as it can be seen from the historical and religious documents and evidence, women were never marginalized, but they were very active in society and family, and even queens and royal women participated in political affairs and decision-making, and sometimes they were considered special to the emperor. An important point about the history of Iran is that the Iranian society, especially during the Sassanian period, under the influence of religious teachings, had a special approach to women and the issue of marriage and childbearing and their role in the family and society. Of course, this attitude to a large extent arose from the context of social culture, and it can be said that there was a two-way relationship between social culture and religious culture.

Research Methods: Based on this, one of the important issues and ambiguities raised in this research is to find out what position and importance pregnant women had in the ancient society of Iran and also how family formation (marriage union) and childbearing are reflected in religious texts and Mazdasini teachings and what approach and attitude towards this category can be seen in custom and Sharia. On the other hand, with the importance of work and activity in Iranian society, have women and children (girls and boys) been responsible for family economic affairs? And in this case, what arrangements and measures were taken to support these working mothers during pregnancy and delivery? Research method: In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the approach to the issue of marriage and especially childbearing in the history of ancient Iran through the study of various religious texts (Avesta and Pahlavi) and historical reports. For this purpose, in addition to various religious and historical texts, the data presented through the tablets and inscriptions of Persepolis were used, and by arranging and processing the available information with a descriptive-analytical method, we reached conclusions about the importance of pregnant mothers and childbearing.

Findings and Conclusions: According to the available documents and evidence, ancient Iranians had a lot of relationship with the family and had established laws to protect the family and property. In Pahlavi texts and decrees, marriage and family formations are highly emphasized, and family and reproduction are the guarantor of the life of the Iranian society, and also, due to the fact that it causes the birth of generations and population, it is effective in advancing the country's political and military goals. Also, based on what the religious texts stated, the greatest goal and ideal of a maiden was marriage and preparation for the role of mother. Therefore, marriage and more importantly having children was a very important task that men and women had to struggle for it and it was only in this way that in addition to success in life in the other world, they could be happy and redeemed. Regarding the importance of having children and reproduction, which was formed as a result of marriage and within the family, it should be noted that in Iranian tradition, if a man dies without leaving a child, the family of the deceased will marry a girl to a man at their own expense. The child resulting from this marriage would belong half to the deceased man and half to the original father. In ancient Iran, according to the historical documents and tablets of Persepolis, even the statesmen built facilities for pregnant mothers to encourage women to become mothers and put them under their protection. Women and children in the ancient society of Iran, were considered due to their economic activity and the role they played in the improvement of the family's condition and the progress of the society and because of this social, economic and military function, there was a lot of emphasis on the increase of children, otherwise the political and military power of the governments was weakened.