نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فرید احمدزاده ¹
• حسن کریمیان ²
• محمد حسن طالبیان ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری باستان شناسی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران

² استاد گروه باستان شناسی ، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³ دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله به ساختار و عملکرد آسیاب­های آبی در منطقه کوهستانی هورامان می­پردازد. آسیاب­های آبی با ساختاری فنی که زاییده دانش بومی و روشی هوشمندانه از گذشتگان است در راستای ایجاد تعادل بین نیازها و خواسته­های جوامع انسانی با امکانات بالفعل و بالقوه موجود در محیط­های مختلف شکل گرفته است. با توجه به اینکه نان مهم­ترین خوراک مردمان گذشته بوده است، آسیاب و حرفه آسیابانی به واسطه ارتباط با معیشت، تغذیه و شیوه گردآوری غذا، بخشی از مطالعات حوزه تاریخ اجتماعی به شمار می­رود. بنابراین با پژوهش در این موضوعات می­توان به نقش مهم و کارکرد آسیاب­های آبی در عرصه فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی جوامع محلی در گذشته آشنا شد. در این پژوهش سعی بر این است که به بررسی و مطالعه آسیاب­های آبی منطقه هورامان به عنوان بخشی از فرهنگ مادی به جای مانده از ادوارقاجار و پهلوی پرداخته شود؛ و به این پرسش­ پاسخ دهد: آسیاب­های آبی هورامان، طی دوران قاجار و پهلوی، چه نقشی در تداوم و تحول زیستی منطقه، به لحاظ ساختاراجتماعی – اقتصادی ­داشته­اند؟ روش پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی و با تکیه بر مطالعات میدانی، منابع محلی، تاریخ شفاهی بصورت مصاحبه با پژوهشگران بومی و اشخاصی که بصورت نسل در نسل شغل آسیابانی را به ارث برده­اند، صورت پذیرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می­دهد آسیاب­های آبی هورامان با وجود اینکه در یک منطقه کوهستانی و صعبالعبور ایجاد شده­اند همواره علاوه بر عملکرد اصلی خود یعنی، آرد کردن غلات برای پختن نان، در معیشت و تداوم زیست در این منطقه به لحاظ اجتماعی و اقتصادی نقش ایفا کرده­اند. بنابراین آسیاب­های هورامان از یک سو نقش بی بدیلی در شکل دادن و تنظیم روابط اجتماعی جوامع درون منطقه و برون منطقه­ای داشته است. و از سوی دیگر به طور گسترده به بافت اجتماعی – اقتصادی جوامع هورامان که به دلیل کمبود زمین در منطقه کوهستانی، کشاورزی مناسبی نداشته­اند؛ کمک کرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• هورامان
• آسیاب آبی
• نان
• ساختاراجتماعی
• ساختاراقتصادی

موضوعات

• تاریخ اجتماعی

Extended Abstract

Water mills: Socio-economic structure in Hawraman mountain region during Qajar and Pahlavi period

Horaman region due to environmental conditions, permanent rivers and more importantly, the topographical position and suitable slope of the land for building a mill has been one of the most favorable areas for the construction and expansion of water mill technology. Water mills have been formed with a technical structure that is the result of local intelligent knowledge of the past in order to balance between the needs and demands of human societies with the potential facilities in different environments. Considering the fact that bread was the most important of human's way of life in the past, the mill and the milling profession are considered a part of social history studies due to its connection with livelihood, nutrition and the way of gathering food. Understanding the importance of mills in the local communities of Iran requires attention and apprehension of its functions in the local and national system. As a place between the land and the house, and the personal miller between the farmer and the consumer, the mill has played a significant role in the cultural, social, political and economic life of the local communities of Iran, therefore, the study and research of the mill and milling culture in the Horaman region, provide significant grounds for understanding the life conditions of one member of the Iranian tribes, in the western part of Iran and in the middle of a mountainous region, to some extent the social, cultural and economic structure.

The purpose of this research is to study and understand Horaman water mills as a part of the material culture left over from the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. The question is what role did Horaman water mills play during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in the continuity and biological evolution of the region, in terms of socio-economic structure? No research has been done in the ground of water mills in Horaman region. However, researches have been conducted on water mills in other areas and cultural regions of Iran, and most of these researches have focused on the architecture and components of mills. It should be mentioned that the present research is the first attempt to know the water mills in the mountainous areas and the studied part and its effect on the development and continuity of life in terms of socio-economic structure during the Qajar period until the present era.

Methodology: This research is focused on the investigation and study of water mills, its explanation and description based on the native-local culture of Horaman region. As regard the fact that the mentioned phenomenon today is not present as a live and functional element in the culture in question, mainly retrospective and historical methods have been used to investigate it and qualitative methodology has been used to collect and analyze data. The practical researcher of this study with an ethnographic presence in the place, while observing and documenting the remains of water mills in Horaman region by taking notes and taking pictures of it, from ethnographic interviews and oral history as one of the most common strategies used in Qualitative research has been used to understand the culture of the target society. In this research, oral history was able to reconstruct a part of the social and cultural of the studied community regarding the phenomenon of milling and milling profession. The way of managing the mills and its impact on the socio-economic structure of the region was one of the most important points that was mainly gathered through oral history. The use of existing researches on the cultural knowledge of the region form other tools of this writing to provide some analysis.

Findings: The Horaman mountain region has always been dependent on the lowland regions and neighbors due to its difficult geography and lack of suitable land for grain cultivation. But in the Islamic period, and especially during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, they created an economic cycle, by building numerous water mills, while supplying the region with wheat and flour, commercial relations and connections were established at more levels in the region. Due to the process of making bread, which was the most important commodity in the past, the millers, at least to the extent of their and their families' needs, need wheat and flour, especially in high prices and droughts, when the lack of these items becomes an acute problem, and it becomes seriously accessible. This issue makes them have more food security than other people of the same level. Field evidence shows that the food security in Horaman was not only one of the concerns of the people in the past, but it was also the most significant and fundamental issue.

Conclusion: The water mills of Horaman mountain area in the present research show a unique case of water resource management, to understand the interaction between man and the environment, during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, which caused the creation and continuation of settlement, and the creation of economic-social cycle in rural centers. The results of the this research showed that the mill, as a part of the materialistic culture of the past, on the one hand, with a special capacity, has shaped, gave an identity, and continued the life of local communities in the Horaman region during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. On the other hand, has helped widely to the socio-economic context of Horaman communities, which have not had proper agriculture due to the lack of land in the mountainous region.