نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ساحل عرفان منش ¹
• ابوالقاسم نعمت شهربابکی ²
• حسن عزیزی ³

¹ استادیار گروه صنایع دستی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

² استادیارگروه فرش، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان. ایران

³ مربی گروه فرش ، دانشگاه حضرت معصومه قم، قم، ایران.

چکیده

طلسم و تعویذ از جمله اشیائی است که بشر از گذشته تاکنون برای رفع بلایا و مصائب از آنها استفاده ­کرده است. از جمله اقوامی که استفاده از طلسم در بین آنها امروزه نیز رواج دارد، عشایر بلوچ هستند. آنان برای دفع بلاها و دوریِ نیروهای بد از زندگی، از اشیاء و نقوش نمادین در تولیدات روزمره استفاده می­کنند. از آنجا که دستبافته ­ها از مهم­ترین هنرهای کاربردی و روزمرة آنان است و تصویر بسیاری از طلسم و تعویذها، در این هنر نیز استفاده می­شود، برای شناخت و اندیشه آن قوم پژوهش بر روی این دستبافته­ها ضروری است. این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به تأثیر باورهای ماوراء­الطبیعی بر روی دستبافته­ها است، لذا با توجه به هدف پژوهش که بررسیِ حضور و بروز باورهای ماوراءالطبیعی در فرهنگ مادی عشایر بلوچ با تأکید بر دستبافته­ ها است، در این پژوهش به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با گردآوری منابع به روش کتابخانه­ای و میدانی این نتیجه حاصل شد که اعتقادادت و باورهای این قوم در دستبافته­های آنان در قالب نقوش گیاهی، هندسی، حیوانی، انسانی و اشیاء کاربردی تجلی یافته است. همچنین فراوانی نقوشی برگرفته از اشیاء کاربردی، بیش از دیگر عناصر بود. به­علاوه فراوان­ترین و گسترده­ترین مفهوم در میان مفاهیم، چشم زخم بود. به نظر می­رسد از گذشته تاکنون دفع نیروهای شر که مهم­ترین آن نگاه دیگری است، در میان این قوم نیز نسبت به دیگر بلاها از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• باور ماوراءالطبیعی
• دستبافته ها
• عشایر بلوچ
• چشم‌زخم
• نقش‌مایه

موضوعات

• ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و هنر

 The Manifestation of Supernatural Beliefs in the Handwoven Works of Baloch Nomads

 Introduction

The charms mostly 'talismans and amulets' have frequently been used by people from the past to the present to remove misfortunes and distress conditions. The Baloch tribes as one of the major ethnic groups of Iran still apply these talismans in their daily lives. They have preserved their beliefs for ages due to their lifestyle and mobility, which keeps them away from Sedentism. Considering the significance of these objects, shapes, plants, and animals in their life with a symbolic power to protect them from many troubles and calamities, the figures of these symbolic icons have also been used in many artworks as they consider this power for their icons as well.

Some Baloch tribes consider this symbolic power for animals like snakes, and fishes, and believe that their presence in their life brings prosperity and fertility, so they consider this power for their icons and use them frequently in many artworks as charms or amulets.

Since Baloch nomadic people consider special power for some geometric shapes, they believe to exploit the best power of these charms, they must have a special shape. Burning the seeds of some plants such as Harmel also known as Espand/Esfand (Peganum harmala) has also been common among these tribes from the past for driving away the evil forces, as they also use its seeds for making charms to ward off the bad energies. They also use some other plants like Espand and palm in their daily life and special ceremonies to remove the spell.

Since these objects, plants and animals have a symbolic power for these people, and they believe that these icons protect them against many troubles and calamities, their iconic figures are also used in various artworks to give this power to them.

Given this region as one of the traditional places of weaving art, and considering the significance and history of these handwoven charms and amulets, this research has tried to explain the role of supernatural beliefs in the handwoven artworks of Baluch Tribes; so this study aims to 1. answer the influence of supernatural beliefs on Baluch handwoven artworks, and to 2. investigate the presence and emergence of supernatural beliefs in the material culture of Baluch tribes by focusing on handwoven works.

Research Background: On supernatural beliefs and handwoven works there are some researches such as study by 1. Yaqoubzadeh and Khazaie (2019), in an article entitled “Amulet and Relic Motifs Case Study: Lor Bakhtiari Hand- woven”, 2. In a work by Yaqoubzadeh (2012), entitled “the motif of protective talisman on the Turkmen carpet”, and 3. In a study by Jalilian and Ahmadpanah (2013), entitled “The Impact of Religious Beliefs and Myths on Rural Hand-woven Rugs of Hamadan”. But on subjects related to Sistan and Baluchistan handwoven works, there are some researches such as works by 1. Nemat Sharbabaki, Abolghasem (2014), “Spell check and talisman and its impact on Motifs of carpets Sistan and Baluchestan” and 2. Nemat Sharbabaki, Mirnezhad (2021), “An Analysis of the Patterns of the Spell and Amulet Woven Pendants in Sistan and Baluchestan”, which, rather than providing a comprehensive analysis of motifs, have introduced and described the mere motifs. Since the role of supernatural beliefs in Baluch handwoven works has not yet been dealt based on the literature review of this study, the research in this field is demanding. Considering that the present research targets the role of supernatural beliefs in the daily life of Baluch nomads and investigates its connection with the common motifs in handwoven works, studying the beliefs and culture of this group of people was required.

Research method: This research analyzes handwoven works by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and collecting data based on the library method and field study survey. According to the common motifs in handwoven works, the motifs were divided into five major groups. Here, it has been tried to introduce one sample from each group and analyze it based on the frequent meanings and common motifs. The research outcome showed that the Baloch people not only created objects and figures to protect them against these calamities but also applied them in their traditional and everyday products such as handwoven works, due to their symbolic meaning and power.

Discussion and Conclusion: By considering the motifs used in these works, it can be said that the beliefs of these people have been represented in their handwoven works, with plant, animal, human and geometric motifs; Moreover, the supernatural and mythological beliefs related to fertility and protection against evil forces are among the major icons used in these handwoven works. It seems that according to the frequency of the symbols related to the evil eye or NAZAR, the iconic motifs which are related to this belief have remained more compared to other motifs. It is always believed that the evil eye and evil forces are among the most destructive factors in life, and the human eye is regarded as the reason for most misfortunes. This study has also shown that there is a close relationship between these beliefs and common motifs used in Baluch's handwoven works.

Keywords: Supernatural Beliefs, Handwoven Works, Baloch Nomads, Evil Eye, Patterns/Motifs.