نوع مقاله : ویژه نامه تاریخ اجتماعی زن د رهنر و جامعه ایران و جهان باستان پیرامون آن(سردبیر مهمان ویژه نامه: دکتر اسماعیل سنگاری)
نویسنده
دانش آموخته دکتری ایرانشناسی و پژوهشگر بنیاد ایرانشناسی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
فرهنگ ایرانی در هردوره خصوصیاتی را در مورد زن آرمانی درنظر گرفته که از قدیمی‌ترین دوران توسط نقوش و بعد از آن به‌‌صورت مکتوب بیان شده است. پژوهش درباره این موضوع اهمیت بسیاری دارد و راهگشای مناسبی برای تحلیل گوشه‌ای از فرهنگ و تفکر ایرانی در مورد زن است. بخصوص اینکه این بررسی در دوره باستان که ریشه‌های تفکر ایرانی متعلق به آن است، انجام شود و ازآنجاکه استفاده از منابع مکتوب اصلی متعلق به هردوره زمانی، برای تحقیق این موضوع ضروری است و فراوانی منابع مکتوب باستان در دوره ساسانی بارز است، در این مقاله تلاش شد این موضوع در دوره ساسانی بررسی و تحلیل شود. شیوه گرد‌آوری اطلاعات، کتابخانه‌ای و شیوه تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی است. منابع اصلی موردنظر نیز متون فارسی میانه هستند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که خصوصیات زن آرمانی در دوره ساسانی در ارتباط با جایگاه مادری و همسری تعریف شده است و علاوه‌بر آرمان‌هایی در زمینه زیبایی ظاهری زن، در حوزه اخلاقی نیز انتظاراتی مانند اطاعت و فرمانبری از همسر، وفاداری و تعهد، رسیدگی و تربیت فرزند و همچنین استقلال مالی و تدبیر اقتصادی وجود داشته است که علیرغم نگاه مردسالارانه همگی بر اهمیت نقش زن در خانواده تصریح آشکار دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
Extended Abstract
Analysis of the concept of ideal Iranian woman in the position of wife and mother
Case study: Sassanian period
Introduction: A woman, even in the early days, as an important and mysterious being, had the important ability to bear children and continue the generation and whether in later periods under the shadow of male power, it has always been considered and due to her natural and important duties, there have always been expectations from her which has been a sign of society's ideals of a desirable and worthy woman. Iranian women have not been exempted from this issue. Patterns of women on objects and various other fields from the most ancient times to present, in the plateau of Iran. It can express the image of the ideal and desired woman in every period in different dimensions. Iranian sages and wise men in every period have proposed characteristics of an ideal woman who is suitable for marriage and starting a family. Research on this topic is very important because it is a suitable way to analyze a part of Iranian culture and thinking about women. Especially, this investigation should be done in the ancient period to what the roots of Iranian thoughts belong. Since the use of original written sources belonging to each time period is necessary for the research on this topic and the abundance of ancient written sources in Sassanian period is obvious. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate and analyze this issue in Sassanian period.
Research questions: This research seeks to answer this main question that what were the qualifications expected of an Iranian woman as a mother and wife during the Sassanian period? Also, this important sub-question is considered, how the components of the ideal woman were chosen.
Purpose: The purpose of this article is also a review and analysis of the characteristics and characteristics of an ideal and decent Iranian woman in the position of a wife and mother in the Sassanid period.
Background: The review of the research conducted in the field of Iranian women's studies in the ancient period shows that in general two categories of works are significant: 1. The works that have examined the issue of women in ancient Iran in a general way and in a wider period of time that in the meantime, some have investigated it in the ancient Iranian society and some have investigated it at the family level. Works that have examined the issue of women separately in a specific period or special sources. While emphasizing the value of each two categories of works, research showed that the focus of both categories is on the position of women and her rights and not her ideal qualities. Some works have briefly and implicitly mentioned the ideal characteristics of women but it is not enough, especially since these materials are not related to the Sassanid period either. Therefore, this article tries to compensate for this lack and to analyze and research the characteristics of the ideal Iranian woman in the role of wife and mother in the Sassanian period.
Methodology: The method of collecting information is library and the main sources of this research are Middle Persian Texts and secondary sources include Avesta, archeological documents and secondary sources related to the Sassanian period. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this way, the ideal female component is extracted from the main sources and then evidence is given for it and in order to analyze it, its cultural background is also stated.
Findings: The findings show that the characteristics of an ideal Iranian woman in Sassanian period were related to the position of wife and mother, and these two positions were much interconnected. The components of an ideal woman have been chosen based on the demands and emphasis that have been expressed about women in Middle Persian texts. Of course, this requirement and emphasis was also evident in the statues and motifs in the pre-Sasanian eras, where it seems that it had a more aspirational state but in the sources of the Sassanian period, it is mentioned along with the promises of religious rewards and punishments, which provided a kind of executive guarantee of the characteristics. These components include two general categories of appearance characteristics (beauty) and non-appearance characteristics. Non-appearance characteristics also include moral characteristics (love, compromise, loyalty, wisdom, modesty, and obedience to one's wife); marital relations, fertility, child bearing and economic planning and financial independence. Examining the sources shows that all these characteristics have a cultural and historical background among Iranians.
Conclusion: The ideals in the field of appearance (beauty) in the Sassanid period were with more emphasis on seeking pleasure from women, especially in the sexual field. Firstly, the non-appearance characteristics show the patriarchal aspect and obedience to men as a wife; however, the other side of these reminders clearly states the importance of women's role in the family and it has indicated the importance of her role as an important pillar of the family. Things such as the importance of her peace in the family, which is due to her wisdom and wisdom, and also her role in the education and upbringing of children are examples of this.
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